Part XX

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4 First basic items included in this historical accumulation of science and technology doings known by approximately accurate dates are the mathematical, geometrical, and ‘‘mechanical advantage’’ data,—the method of problem stating,—and the documentary system of solution procedure, all evolved by the Greeks, who probably in turn re-assembled much of their basic data from that of the Hindus and Chinese, relayed to them by the Arabs, Phoenicians, and other mobiles coursing between the more static situations of civilization development in the fast growing domestic centers of women, children, merchants and mendicants god houses, warehouses and whorehouses, whose rate of population increase presaged the coming of Industrialization

5 that the many might each serve at their own special tasks.

6 These Greek and prehistoric science and technology data number in toto only around fifty items.

7 These were later telescoped together with approximately one hundred more objective inventions of the next nineteen hundred years.

8 This brings us

9 to the earliest colonization days in America, with a sum total of only 150 items thus far spotted

10 in the myriad of blank spaces of the vast basic data grid.

11 But during the first 250 years of the American Colonization some 300 additional basic scientific contributions were made to the grid mostly in Europe, but a few in America.

12 Out of this cumulative total of 450 items amassed up to 1850 the phenomenon, Industrialization finally sprang released by the inanimate power super to,—yet controlled by,—man rapidly developing through steam devices.

13 Industrialization’s start was punctuated precisely by the invention of production steel simultaneously and independently disclosed by Bessemer in England—and by Kelley in the U.S.A, in 1860 and by invention of the dynamo in Italy in 1861.

14 During the seventy years between that mid-nineteenth century start of Industrialization and 1920 the worldwide science and technology basic grid tapestry was enriched by at least 1000 additional contributions, America providing an ever more copious portion of the load. And though this appeared flood-like at the moment of happening it was but a warning trickle down the spillway of the cosmic power dam.

15 For between 1920 and 1940 it is conservatively estimated that approximately nine thousand

16 basic grid items have been proven-up and woven into the tapestry.

17 ‘‘Science News Service’’ an industrial syndicate wholesaling to publishers reported thirty thousand technical innovations for that twenty year period deemed not only possible of popular news translation

18 but also deemed to be front page material in thousands of cases

19 despite rapacious political preoccupations.

20 Also during the last twenty years ‘‘Chemical Abstracts’’

21 official world science gazeteer averaged an annual documentation of two hundred thousand abstracted science and technology papers submitted as original contributions to the appropriate societies and to their official publications.

22 And over a million inventions have been granted letters patent by the U. S. A. patent examiners in that score of years.

23 (These patents were granted in rapidly increasing proportion to industrial corporations by assignment

24 of their domesticated scientists, which attests to their increasing practical immediacy.)

25 Wherefore:—

26 The nine thousand item estimate of additions to the worldwide science and technology basic grid data represents but thirty-three per cent of the news service skim;—two one-thousandths of one per cent of the gazette’s items;

27 and nine one-thousandths of one per cent

28 of the U.S.A, invention items despite that the U.S.A.

29 represents but six per cent of the world population.

30 Revised estimates prepared with proper time perspective may reveal ten times this number as meriting basic grid status in this remarkable twenty year period in which by any method of count

31 accomplishment of man’s all history dreams of conquest of environment have been ten fold at least that of all previous history.

32 Even as the impact of science brought civil war to the U.S.A, in 1850 so has this flood of items brought world civil war since 1914 to adjust to the new way of life as politicians and statesmen who can usually number but a dozen such items from memory could never comprehend let alone arrange in satisfactory social adjustment order.

33 That many of the post 1920 erudite scintillations of the thousands not included as basic do not outrank the pre 1920 items and especially the 1850 is due to the fact that they might have been arrived at by a number of routes while the basic items could only be reached by the single hard way of prime exploration and the basics thus constitute the main headlands and lightships of the great circle courses of science in ‘‘making good’’ the industrial trend.

34 The 300 items between 1600 and 1850 are braided of three main strands which, while all partially overlapping, find their respective strand midpoints periodically occurring in chronological sequence.

35 And the sequence of emphasis of these centers constitutes a distinct trend pattern of mind-over-mattering, which utterly refutes all claims by capital proprietors to benevolent initiation of science’s gifts to man.

36 The first pioneering victories of these scientists’ discovery and artists’ invention sequences were rewarded by inquisitional torture and death at the hands of man’s fear supported god-priests.

37 In fact the most crucial battle of science students to wrest the fundamental right from the status quo,—the right to pursue, observe and to document nature precisely as it reveals its behavior characteristics was the 400 year battle from 1200 to 1600 between the Church and science in which the Church tried by decree laws, torture and death to prevent the lay use of the cipher in calculations.

38 For the cipher or zero,—brought to our civilization by the Arabs from the Hindus, along with their simple numerals and algebra,—was symbol for all the non-sensorial world soon to be popularly revealed as a natural rather than mystical phenomenon.

39 But the cipher 0 was also the mathematical key to positioning of numbers.

40 Through use of the cipher any literate person could perform calculations theretofore in our known civilization only to be accomplished with practicable facility by the priesthood who jealously controlled the abacus earliest of mechanical calculating devices.

41 The Church held secret the abacus along with many of all-history’s scientific discoveries—some of which even today they withhold from the people by the cultivation of superstition and ignorance elimination of which would end people’s vast exploitation by the organized religions the world’s premier realtors albeit the religious workers are idealistically dedicated.

42 Known by name are only a few of those many science students who dared the inquisition in attempts to break through the intervening nineteen century veil of materialistic darkness pursuant to the great Greek contributions.

43 But contemporary with the beginning of American colonization the printing press had become sufficiently established to document the outlines of science. First main strand of the braiding in the 1600--1850 sequence is that of the mathematical measuring and calculating devices; —the mind over mattering instrumentation;— ranging from such abstract inventions

44 as that of the decimal system,

45 to mechanical inventions

46 such as Pascal’s calculating machine;—all springing from original cosmic thinking and reorganized postulations of the human mind and thence through experimental observation eliminated or proved

47 through highly abstract organizations of mathematically integrated data reduced to stark objective mechanics in which pioneering such names as Galileo, Kepler, Newton,

48 Napier, Descartes, and Liebnitz occur.

49 But most importantly

50 these men and their devices

51 deal with the beginnings

52 of scientific comprehension of motion and its fundmental components energy and time.

53 And the scientific comprehension by man on earth

54 of these cosmic fundamentals

55 was in turn both sired and foaled by heavenly phenomena.

56 That is the knowledge sprang from super observation ability of star emanating light phenomena and the eye amplifying optical devices, which light had inspired not so much at the moment of invention through Jansen’s compound microscope of 1590 (300 years after Vitellio and Roger Bacon’s theoretical lens treatises and actual spectacles

57 and Alhazen’s first lens of 1070) as through the telescope accidentally yet inevitably discovered in 1608 by virtue of the physical existence of the spectacle and micro lenses.

58 One year after the telescope’s invention Galileo and Kepler, independently and immediately compounding their epochal news of proof of Copernicus’ half century old theory of the true motion of heavenly bodies,—particularly of the motion of the earth,—with Galileo’s pendulum invention of 1600, and his falling body studies, formulated the first reliable data on motion.

59 Likewise, inspired precisely by light, motion, and time dynamics the cosmic frontiersman of the 1600 to 1850 era with their epochal 300 items set up irrevocable and realistic new accounting systems for man’s commonwealth ledger some as natural laws Thermodynamic and electrical, some as civil laws—patent laws advantaging both individuals and commonwealths.

60 The first patent law set up in England in 1624, and the Paris and Greenwich observatories established in 1667 and 1675 respectively, showed that some few in officialdom were aware that a new cat was well out of the bag whose antics might be advantageously harnessed.

61 But of the cosmic frontier’s existence busy business and politics in general were not to become aware as constituting an important frontier until the pragmatists had literally reached the ends of the earth,—sensorially,—the North and South Poles,—in 1909 and 1911—as was earlier pointed out,—cosmic frontiering did not loom as the only frontier until the 1938 re-eruption of the world civil war caused by that very fact itself.

62 Following Kepler’s work

63 Napier developed between 1614--1620 his logarithms, his complete log tables, his adding machine.

64 Then followed the spirit thermometer for data on energy-as-heat.

65 1629, ‘31, ‘35, ‘36 saw respectively

66 a microscosmic development

67 born with a new mathematical awareness by the explanation of negative roots;—invention of the mathematical X and:;— the startling discovery of microscopic organisms;

68 and Fermat’s infinitesimal calculus.

69 The world was expanding inwardly as well as outwardly.

70 In 1637 were formulated

71 the first data on light refraction;

72 ten years later calculation of the foci of all lenses;

73 followed in three years by

74 Pascal’s calculating machine;

75 and four years later (1654) by his mathematical-induction and

76 laws-of-probability.

77 There followed rapidly:—

78 In 1657 the astronomer Huygens’ pendulum clock; Newton’s discovery of the prismatic dispersion of light,—1666;

79 in 1675 the first and surprisingly accurate measurement of the speed of light;—in 1677 Newton and Liebnitz developed infinite series calculus;

80 in 1678 Huygens formulated the wave theory of light (not to be proven up however until two centuries later in the industrial era).

81 1680,—the discovery of chlorophyl, the green substance by which life most successfully stores star radiant energy,—

82 1682 Newton still going strong, formalized the laws of gravity;—1700 the explanation of beats, overtones and sympathetic vibrations

83 and in 1704 incorrigible old Newton wrote his treatise on optics.

84 Following Newton however this light, energy, motion, mathematics series of science went relatively quiescent for a half century though in the interim,—well sprinkled with technological interpretation of the cosmic blast,—we note the physician’s pulse watch in 1707; the mercury thermometer in 1715;

85 light images with silver nitrate 1727; latent heat discoveries by Black 1756.

86 But mostly the cosmic events subside while the New World to the West vibrating to new horizon tones broke off from the Old World.

87 Then the series reappears in 1790 and 1800 with the discoveries respectively of the invisible ultra violet and infra red rays and the intermediary discovery of photosynthesis in 1796, by which process chlorophyl captures life on earth from the stars.

88 These cosmic doings were progenitors of the machine tool development in the Nineteenth Century which though anticipated in design inventions of Hero, Archimedes and Leonardo, were the necessitous working devices of astronomers such as Huygens and Roemer who needed the smooth speed of reduction gears of high mathematical precision to accomplish their heavenly tasks.

89 As no such devices existed

90 except in the show rooms of the creative imagination

91 these astronomer philosopher mathematical artists had to fetch them hence by objective technology themselves.

92 And from their own handicraft inventions the whole machine tool art and industry sprang,—again the heavens made unexpected realistic contribution; (to distinctly unappreciative man).

93 Second in the strand braiding comes the series formulating the science of chemistry,— This series begins in 1660 with Boyle’s law and his ‘‘Skeptical Chemist’’ and runs through a century to Priestly and Sheele who made the play which was finally tagged by Lavoisier in 1776 by the successful isolation and identification of oxygen (by weight 23 per cent of the atmosphere, 50 per cent of the rock crust, and 88 per cent of all the water of the earth).

94 Here was world revolution of far greater magnitude within the laboratory

95 than on the battle field of North America.

96 Primed by this achievement Lavoisier finally formulated the tenets of the true science of chemistry from out the umbra of alchemy, with such nomenclature as ‘‘elements’’ and ‘‘compounds,’’ to be fitted out thirty-five years later with the modem chemical notation. For this contribution Lavoisier was guillotined by the French Proletariat.

97 Third came interweaving the strand of development of certain mysterious behavior data undetectable without scientific method which eventually consolidated into the beginnings of electricity, and into the art of its use and into all its industrial ramifications, though man little knew what he was using,—(when he first confidently and enthusiastically employed it),—that behaved so reliably.

98 This electricity series began around 1745, with Leyden.

99 It runs through the work

100 of Volta, Ohm, and Faraday, but strings along to full fruition as an objective and established industry only with the dynamo’s invention in 1860, and with light bulbs and motors towards the end of the nineteenth century well after Industrialization was under way.

101 Another threefold series of inventions which we may now identify as central to our own contemporary very ‘‘brand news,’’ splices into the ends of that seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries’ science and technology pigtail.

102 This new threefold series differed from its predecessor, however in that it comprised only intangible, invisible, soundless, smell-less;—sheerly tenuous, cosmically gossamer, threads of the ultra and infra octaves of radiant atomic relative ‘‘matter,’’ the like o’ which was discovered first

103 in the electro magnetic fields.

104 And in the starlight radiation.

105 This newly spliced in cosmic strand in the electrical sequence which grew in the ether spectrum was first carded and twisted before 1850 by Maxwell’s preposterously astute calculations, out of the genius gathered laws by his intuitive dynamic sense, inspired by the fight, motion, energy, time series and ginned by him through mathematics.

106 Maxwell was also probably inspired by such nineteenth century items as: 1808—discovery of polarization of light 1814—the Fraunhoffer black lines in the sun’s light spectrum 1839—Daguerre’s photography 1843—chemical element spectrum analysis 1854—discovery of the absorption spectrum 1860—‘‘laws’’ of radiation, emission, and absorption

107 Maxwell’s assumptions were first provided with a language by Angstrom who charted in 1869 the wave length measurement pattern of all of the colors of the visible spectrum of light.

108 Maxwell calculated that these waves were extensible at both ends into the ether spectra,—infra and ultra,—at the infra end of which the sonic and ultra sonic wave length and frequencies fall into dimensional coincidence.

109 Maxwell’s assumptions were proven-up twenty years later,

110 by Herz,—himself also one eye in the cosmic one eye on the ground,—

111 and later practically applied by Marconi by empirical methods and ‘‘industrialized’’

112 by such men as Tesla, Edison, Armstrong and de Forest.

113 Thus the contemporary wisps of this infra-ultra-sensory strand called electronics,—

114 (controlled electron behavior isolated in vacuo) first objectively developed by de Forest and Armstrong are but now being interwoven

115 when the infra-ultra-sensory atomic theory threads of modem chemistry, metallurgy, and physics

116 which latter strand was first combed by Dalton in 1803 with his citation of the atomic theory.

117 Dalton’s dynamic concept of matter again extending the motion concept to include the most solid of the business man’s solids even his grave stone and bones was forwarded historically

118 by Mendelejef, in 1854

119 in his preposterously projected periodic table of the atoms of which forty percent were

120 as yet undiscovered or non-isolated

121 and which projection

122 even more clairvoyant than Maxwell’s

123 came true in due course

124 in magnificent agreement with his prognostication;—

125 this applied super-atomics strand

126 is most latterly being plaited with tender fingers by our illustrious contemporary physicists;—now far too numerous to list.

127 These electronics and atomics strands

128 are now being braided together with the abstract section of the third main strand

129 which we described as

130 the light, motion, energy, time, mathematical, mechanical, instrumental series.

131 Today’s working section of the third strand in itself breaks down into three parts.

132 It parts one third into

133 the modern machine tools

134 and their semi-automatic specialized progeny,—the orchestral instruments of the industrial symphony.

135 And these tool mechanics themselves are evolving with increased versatility into hydraulic, pneumatic, and electro-magnetic functions.

136 It parts one third into cosmology,—searchlight exploration of the philosophy of cosmic science itself

137 where the light beams now shine on the relatively unbreakable

138 shimmering threads of ‘‘relativity.’’

139 It parts finally into one more third,—the dawning popular awareness of the emancipating significance of Industrialization,—nurtured and insured in the advanced education and research developments

140 of a large portion of the U.S.A, youth—unwitted increment of the 20 year armistice.

141 Since 1920

142 the proportion of all American youth completing high school

143 has jumped from eighteen to sixty-five percent. It averages as high as ninety-five percent in some northern areas

144 where attendance is mechanically feasible.

145 The percentage of all youth attending college has in the same time jumped from one and one-half percent to twenty-two.

146 The post-graduate M.A.s - Ph.D.s, Engineers, and Science Docs of all kinds now outnumber two fold

147 the American Expeditionary Forces of 1917.

148 All three major strands are now being braided into cables, into fatigueless, non-crystalizing infinitely flexible cables of the invisible suspension bridge of the mind between man and his destiny high over the waters of exploitable matter safe over the Hell Gate of political doubt.