4 World Resources, Human Trends and Needs

6.1This section selects specific aspects of world material production and consumption, and their relation to human trends and needs. Its most immediate comment is contained within the group of charts of the major minerals and metals and their percentage output of world production listed by country. 1960 was chosen as a representative year.

6.2 This listing comprises the shelf inventory of the world’s prime re-associable element patterns of the metals and minerals. It is the main ‘menu’ for industrial network consumption, and forcibly demonstrates that no one country is wholly self sufficient in these vital industrial ingredients. Close inspection will reveal surprising patterns, of past and present relevancy, in terms of world political preoccupations with seemingly backward and valueless territories, i.e., the recent Congo involvement. Gaps in the chart where no production figures are given for a country in any column indicate, either that no data is available for reasons of economic or political secrecy, or that the particular country has a deficiency of this ingredient. Resource statistics in many areas of the world have only been initiated in recent years and are still far from complete or wholly reliable.

6.3 The series of schematic world maps¹ which follow the production charts indicate roughly the resource reserves of selected materials. When taken together these production and reserve relations may graphically demonstrate some of the basic conditions which made possible the rapid growth of industrialization in the high living standard countries. Most analyses of world resource deal in ‘years of supply in exploitable reserve’, e.g., aluminum - 570 yrs. iron - 250 yrs. zinc - 23 yrs. copper - 29 yrs. lead - 19 yrs. tin - 35 yrs.²

6.4 This type of estimate, whilst useful for local economic purposes, omits two main relative factors. One, the progressive recycling of such materials as scrap, in the industrial process, which means that they are not really used up by extraction and manufacture but become above ground circulating reserves.

6.5 U. S. lead scrap in the 1950’s rivalled primary production and was an estimated 44 percent of the net supply of the metal in 1960³ . The development of substitute and replacement materials is also an important factor here. New materials, like the plastics range, may, as they become available, replace older metallic and mineral uses, and give, in addition, superior performance characteristics for particular usages.

6.6 The second factor is that mining and extraction has gone steadily towards the use of ores of decreasing material content. A century ago most copper ores processed were of not less than 10 percent copper - today the world average is approximately 1 1/2 percent. This entails more energy input for refined metal output. Our main resource picture shows that such energy, and more, is available potentially on a global scale. In addition, we constantly do ‘more with less’ in the developing industrial process.

6.7 This ‘more with less’ trending shows that even where material invested per capita goes down much more is done with this amount.

6.8 The real key to our resource inventory lies with ‘this transformative industrial capacity’. We are now able to deal vigorously with the full inventory of elemental associative patterns. Over 7,000 major material transformations are accomplished by modern chemistry. “The freely available materials of the earth - air, water, mineral and agricultural products, coal, petroleum and natural gas - are being transformed into innumerable products of benefit to man. Within the last 25 years petroleum and natural gas have become the raw materials for more than 2,500 different chemical products⁴ .” Coal is also the raw material for thousands of chemicals re-associated into preferred patterns as dyes, drugs, textiles and plastics.

6.9 Resource economists, generally, do not take into account these regenerative aspects of the evolving industrial process and the complex interactions of the tools which create the real wealth. Their studies are not ‘synergetic’ but concerned with the local secondary cycles of money, credit flows, trade balances, etc. Political studies of resource tend in the same manner to be preoccupied with their local, national, holdings - what the country or area actually ‘has’ at some hypothetical point in time whilst in the industrial network reality what you ‘have’ is a temporal and dynamic series of flow relationships which can only be related to what all other men ‘have’.

4.1 World Production of Major Minerals and Metals by Country

7.1WORLD PRODUCTION OF MAJOR MINERALS AND METALS BY COUNTRY (Revised for 126 Countries in 1966 Reprinting)

7.2 Each of the three following pages include eighty-four countries and forty metals, minerals or mineral products.

7.3 World totals in actual amount appear below each of the forty major metal or mineral headings and are followed by an abbreviated symbol which designates its bulk or weight unit. The listing below correlates each symbol with its unit of measure and its U. S. and metric equivalent.

7.4 Symbol Unit of Measure U.S. Equivalent Metric Equivalent S.T. Short Ton = 2,000 lbs. = .907 metric ton L.T. Long Ton = 2,240 lbs. = 1.016 metric ton B.B.L. Barrel = 376 lbs.= 4 bgs. cement = 170.55 kilograms = 42 gal. per B. B. L. of petroleum C. Carat = 200 milligrams = 200.00 milligrams T.O. Troy Ounce = 1/12 troy lb. = 31.10 grams = (troy lb. = .823 lb.avoirdupois) = 373.24 grams F. Flask = 76 lbs. = 34.55 kilograms

7.5 All country entries are given in percent of world total.

7.6 Leading world producers in each category are indicated by an asterisk. (*)

7.7 Source: Mineral Yearbook, 1965, Vols. I and II, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior.

Resource inventory (continued): AFGHANISTAN – GUINEA

AFGHANISTAN: Cement .027; Coal-Anthracite .005
ALBANIA: Cement .034; Chromite 7.416; Coal-Lignite .042; Copper .053; Iron Ore .057
ALGERIA: Cement .234; Coal-Anthracite .002; Copper .021; Diamonds (indus.) 1.080; Gypsum .434; Iron Ore .378; Lead .315
ANGOLA: Cement .051; Copper .002; Gold .000; Iron Ore .122
ARGENTINA: Asbestos .006; Cement .668; Coal-Anthracite .010; Copper .002; Feldspar .174; Flourspar .415; Gold .001; Gypsum .347; Iron Ore .018; Lead 1.033; Manganese .102
AUSTRALIA: Aluminum .760; Antimony .134; Asbestos .416; Bauxite 1.171; Cement .827; Chromite .004; Coal-Anthracite 1.300; Coal-Lignite 2.628; Cobalt .147; Copper 2.423; Feldspar .523; Gold 2.314; Gypsum 1.714; Iron Ore 1.073; Lead 16.383*; Magnesite .639; Manganese .251
AUSTRIA: Aluminum 1.386; Antimony .889; Asbestos .021; Bauxite .059; Cement .878; Coal-Anthracite .005; Coal-Lignite .848; Copper .039; Feldspar .122; Gypsum 1.434; Iron Ore .715; Lead .196; Magnesite 15.729
BECHUANALAND: Asbestos .073; Gold .000; Manganese .073
BELGIUM: Cement 1.249; Coal-Anthracite 1.103; Iron Ore .018
BOLIVIA: Antimony 13.534; Asbestos .000; Cement .016; Copper .063; Gold .346; Lead .792
BRAZIL: Aluminum .319; Asbestos .044; Bauxite .552; Cement 1.375; Chromite 1.114; Coal-Anthracite .132; Copper .032; Diamonds (indus.) .582; Feldspar 2.307; Gold .298; Gypsum .293; Iron Ore 2.149; Lead .685; Magnesite 1.081; Manganese 8.568
BULGARIA: Asbestos .034; Cement .585; Coal-Anthracite .033; Coal-Lignite 2.842; Copper .406; Gypsum .244; Iron Ore .125; Lead 3.493; Manganese .262
BURMA: Antimony .204; Cement .032; Coal-Anthracite .000; Copper .003; Gold .000; Lead 1.026; Manganese .001
CAMBODIA: Gold .015
CAMEROON: Aluminum .959; Gold .004
CANADA: Aluminum 1.832; Antimony 1.300; Asbestos 39.769*; Cement 1.688; Coal-Anthracite .406; Coal-Lignite .238; Cobalt 11.720; Copper 8.686; Feldspar .454; Flourspar 3.632; Gold 8.986; Gypsum 13.262; Iron Ore 5.239; Lead 7.094
CENT. AFRICAN REP.: Diamonds (indus.) .937; Gold .000
CEYLON: Cement .019; Feldspar .006
CHAD: —
CHILE: Cement .309; Coal-Anthracite .088; Copper 12.782; Feldspar .024; Gold .174; Gypsum .258; Iron Ore 1.630; Lead .034; Manganese .317; Mercury .256
CHINA: Aluminum 1.809; Antimony 26.785*; Asbestos 3.426; Bauxite 1.323; Cement 2.653; Coal-Anthracite 14.016; Copper 1.900; Flourspar 9.401; Gold .135; Gypsum 1.244; Iron Ore 6.697; Lead 3.921; Magnesite 10.760; Manganese 6.828; Mercury 10.878
COLOMBIA: Cement .486; Chromite .002; Coal-Anthracite .154; Feldspar .727; Gold .734; Gypsum .249; Iron Ore .133; Lead .000; Magnesite .003; Mercury .001
CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE): Copper .006; Diamonds (indus.) 17.770; Gold .006; Lead .012
CONGO (LEOPOLDVILLE): Cement .065; Coal-Anthracite .004; Cobalt 63.031*; Copper 5.740; Diamonds (indus.) 48.119*; Gold .485; Manganese 1.844
CUBA: Cement .092; Chromite 1.281; Cobalt 1.488; Copper .115; Iron Ore .000; Manganese .516
CYPRUS: Asbestos .621; Cement .025; Chromite .010; Copper .556; Gypsum .244
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Aluminum 1.069; Antimony 3.571; Cement 1.373; Coal-Anthracite 1.457; Coal-Lignite 10.276; Gypsum .741; Iron Ore .653; Lead .531; Magnesite 6.304; Mercury .303
DOMINICAN REP.: Bauxite 2.518; Cement .060; Gypsum .086
ECUADOR: Cement .068; Copper .006; Gold .047; Lead .006
EL SALVADOR: Cement .020
ETHIOPIA: Cement .009; Feldspar .028; Gold .061
FIJI ISLANDS: Gold .242; Iron Ore .000; Manganese .022
FINLAND: Antimony .178; Asbestos .314; Cement .376; Copper .717; Feldspar .746; Gold .046; Iron Ore .070; Lead .044
FRANCE: Aluminum 5.409; Asbestos .830; Bauxite 6.608; Cement 4.722; Coal-Anthracite 2.459; Coal-Lignite .346; Copper .005; Feldspar 10.104; Flourspar 6.850; Gold .121; Gypsum 10.331; Iron Ore 11.092; Lead .329
GABON: Gold .080; Manganese 4.414
GERMANY (EAST): Aluminum .822; Cement 1.448; Coal-Anthracite .127; Coal-Lignite 35.663*; Copper .508; Flourspar 3.418; Gypsum .632; Iron Ore .318; Lead .295
GERMANY (WEST): Aluminum 3.785; Bauxite .013; Cement 7.751; Coal-Anthracite 7.319; Coal-Lignite 14.951; Copper .046; Feldspar 15.687; Flourspar 4.095; Gold .004; Gypsum 2.601; Manganese 2.691
GHANA: Bauxite .684; Diamonds (indus.) 7.124; Gold 2.084; Iron Ore .006; Lead .518; Magnesite 2.989; Manganese .101
GREECE: Bauxite 4.172; Cement .608; Chromite .421; Coal-Lignite .487; Gypsum .233
GREENLAND: Coal-Anthracite .002
GUATEMALA: Antimony .050; Cement .041; Iron Ore .001; Lead .029
GUINEA: Bauxite 5.420; Diamonds (indus.) .106; Iron Ore .126

Resource inventory (continued): AFGHANISTAN – GUINEA, columns 21–40 (MICA – ZINC)

AFGHANISTAN: Salt .034
ALBANIA: Nickel .835; Petroleum .055; Zinc .995
ALGERIA: Natural Gas .067; Petroleum 1.932; Phosphate Rock .677; Salt .136; Silver .109
ANGOLA: Petroleum .060; Salt .072; Tin .115; Tungsten .246; Uranium .036; Vanadium .083; Zinc .786
ARGENTINA: Mica .018; Natural Gas .549; Petroleum 1.019; Phosphate Rock .001; Salt .177; Silver .771; Steel .236; Sulfur .175; Thorium NA; Tin 1.498; Titanium 18.125*; Tungsten 2.775; Uranium 3.973; Zinc 9.791
AUSTRALIA: Mica .275; Natural Gas .289; Nitrogen .105; Phosphate Rock 1.296; Salt .623; Silver 7.807; Steel 1.204; Tungsten .380; Zinc .194
AUSTRIA: Nitrogen 1.101; Petroleum .191; Salt .362; Silver .027; Steel .763
BECHUANALAND: Silver .000
BELGIUM: Nitrogen 1.765; Phosphate Rock .027; Steel 1.950; Zinc .127
BOLIVIA: Petroleum .034; Silver 1.935; Sulfur .077; Tin 11.954; Tungsten 3.890
BRAZIL: Mica .822; Natural Gas .085; Nickel .287; Nitrogen .140; Petroleum .374; Phosphate Rock .543; Salt 1.255; Silver .135; Steel .734; Thorium NA; Tin .604; Titanium .014; Tungsten .947; Zinc 2.018
BULGARIA: Nitrogen .573; Petroleum .013; Salt .110; Steel .119; Sulfur .049; Zinc .221
BURMA: Natural Gas .002; Nickel .028; Petroleum .049; Salt .169; Silver .828; Tin .525; Tungsten 1.280
CAMBODIA: —
CAMEROON: Tin .015
CANADA: Mica .295; Molybdenum .917; Natural Gas 5.098; Nickel 55.681*; Nitrogen 2.716; Petroleum 2.709; Platinum 23.148; Potash 5.180; Salt 3.554; Silver 11.897; Steel 1.924; Sulfur 8.856; Tin .217; Titanium 15.749; Uranium 26.956; Zinc 12.367
CENT. AFRICAN REP.: —
CEYLON: Salt .023; Titanium .873
CHAD: Salt .026
CHILE: Molybdenum 7.040; Natural Gas .877; Nitrogen .970; Petroleum .138; Phosphate Rock .071; Potash .169; Salt .050; Silver 1.103; Steel .126; Sulfur .459; Zinc .013
CHINA: Molybdenum 3.630; Nitrogen 2.494; Petroleum .574; Phosphate Rock 1.383; Salt 11.079; Silver .318; Steel 3.055; Sulfur 1.984; Tin 14.712; Tungsten 38.544*; Zinc 2.736
COLOMBIA: Natural Gas .119; Petroleum .632; Platinum 1.906; Salt .312; Silver .042; Steel .057; Sulfur .101; Uranium NA; Zinc .002
CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE): Petroleum .008; Tin .022; Zinc .019
CONGO (LEOPOLDVILLE): Silver .437; Tin 3.616; Zinc 2.839
CUBA: Nickel 4.658; Nitrogen .165; Petroleum .000; Salt .084; Tungsten .345; Uranium NA
CYPRUS: Salt .007
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Natural Gas .912; Nitrogen .890; Petroleum .012; Salt .196; Silver .641; Steel 1.968; Tin .105
DOMINICAN REP.: Salt .034; Uranium NA
ECUADOR: Petroleum .025; Salt .037; Silver .048
EL SALVADOR: Salt .019
ETHIOPIA: Platinum .011; Salt .268
FIJI ISLANDS: Silver .018
FINLAND: Nickel .861; Nitrogen .256; Silver .231; Steel .081; Sulfur .298
FRANCE: Mica .095; Natural Gas .889; Nitrogen 6.081; Petroleum .189; Phosphate Rock .098; Potash 17.454; Salt 3.889; Silver .291; Steel 4.515; Sulfur 11.002; Titanium 4.295; Vanadium 10.775; Zinc 1.819
GABON: Natural Gas .001; Petroleum .067; Tin .145; Tungsten 1.195; Zinc .499
GERMANY (EAST): Nickel .027; Nitrogen 2.117; Potash 16.809; Salt 2.101; Silver 1.913; Steel .939; Sulfur .937; Uranium 6.692
GERMANY (WEST): Mica .005; Natural Gas .155; Nitrogen 8.747; Petroleum .559; Potash 17.746; Salt 5.883; Silver .824; Steel 8.816; Sulfur .674; Tin .378; Zinc .273
GHANA: Silver .001; Uranium NA; Zinc 2.555
GREECE: Nitrogen .030; Salt .089; Silver .062; Steel .054; Uranium NA
GREENLAND: Zinc .499
GUATEMALA: Salt .020; Silver .025
GUINEA: Zinc .032

Resource inventory (continued): GUYANA – PANAMA

GUYANA: Bauxite 7.749
HAITI: Bauxite 1.082; Cement .012; Diamonds (indus.) .133; Gold .006; Manganese .974
HONDURAS: Cement .015; Copper .125; Gold .015
HONG KONG: Cement .057; Gold .005; Iron Ore .389
HUNGARY: Aluminum 1.006; Bauxite 4.434; Cement .477; Coal-Anthracite .191; Coal-Lignite 3.739; Flourspar .099; Iron Ore .021
INDIA: Aluminum 1.000; Asbestos .093; Bauxite 1.839; Cement 2.482; Chromite 1.639; Coal-Anthracite 3.394; Coal-Lignite .139; Copper .211; Feldspar 1.219; Iron Ore .140; Manganese 1.040
INDONESIA: Bauxite 1.604; Cement .087; Coal-Anthracite .030; Gold .312; Gypsum 2.915; Iron Ore 3.817; Lead .169; Magnesite 2.810; Manganese 8.057
IRAQ: Cement .197; Chromite 2.525; Coal-Anthracite .010; Gold .010; Manganese .011
IRAN: Cement .239; Gypsum 2.449; Lead .392; Manganese .006
IRELAND: Cement .212; Coal-Anthracite .010; Gypsum 1.224
ISRAEL: Cement .271; Copper .163; Gypsum .487
ITALY: Aluminum 1.657; Antimony .431; Asbestos 1.975; Bauxite .876; Cement 5.860; Coal-Anthracite .030; Coal-Lignite .191; Copper .051; Feldspar 5.929; Gypsum .256
IVORY COAST: Diamonds (indus.) .389; Gypsum 5.089; Iron Ore .192; Lead 1.292; Magnesite .081; Manganese .309; Mercury 22.781
JAMAICA: Bauxite 22.842*; Cement .053; Manganese .949
JAPAN: Aluminum 4.060; Antimony .344; Asbestos .567; Cement 7.945; Chromite 1.106; Coal-Anthracite 2.654; Coal-Lignite .128; Copper 2.268; Feldspar 3.156; Flourspar .984; Gold .539; Gypsum 1.922; Iron Ore .464; Lead 2.071; Manganese 1.890; Mercury 1.953
JORDAN: Cement .075
KENYA: Asbestos .002; Cement .090; Gold .023; Magnesite .003
KOREA (NORTH): Cement .671; Coal-Anthracite .722; Copper .168; Flourspar 1.410; Gold .361; Iron Ore .739; Lead 1.960; Magnesite 9.565
KOREA (SOUTH): Asbestos .066; Cement .206; Coal-Anthracite .456; Copper .013; Feldspar .674; Flourspar 1.874; Gold .203; Iron Ore .095; Lead .075; Manganese .028
KUWAIT: —
LAOS: —
LEBANON: Cement .237
LIBERIA: Diamonds (indus.) 1.689; Gold .004; Iron Ore 1.256
LIBYA: —
LUXEMBOURG: Cement .053; Iron Ore 1.339
MALAGASY REP.: Cement .006; Chromite .283; Coal-Anthracite .000; Gold .002
MALAWI: —
MALAYSIA: Bauxite 1.982; Cement .096; Gold .026; Iron Ore 1.414; Manganese .047
MALI: —
MAURITANIA: Copper 1.181; Iron Ore .273
MEXICO: Aluminum .100; Antimony 8.636; Cement .976; Coal-Anthracite .106; Copper 11.713; Flourspar 22.687*; Gold .538; Gypsum 2.694; Iron Ore .446; Lead 7.466; Manganese 1.173; Mercury 6.820
MOROCCO: Antimony 1.207; Cement .201; Coal-Anthracite .020; Flourspar .299; Iron Ore .198; Lead 2.906; Manganese 2.287
MOZAMBIQUE: Bauxite .019; Cement .044; Coal-Anthracite .014
NETHERLANDS: Cement .552; Coal-Anthracite .592; Copper .057
NEW CALEDONIA: Asbestos .013; Cobalt .023; Magnesite .009
NEW ZEALAND: Cement .191; Coal-Anthracite .134; Iron Ore .154
NICARAGUA: Cement .014; Gold .032
NIGER: —
NIGERIA: Cement .139; Coal-Anthracite .029; Iron Ore .376; Lead .137
NORWAY: Aluminum 3.973; Cement .373; Gypsum .485; Magnesite .010; Manganese .009
PAKISTAN: Antimony .014; Cement .397; Chromite .367; Coal-Anthracite .064
PANAMA: Cement .037

Resource inventory (continued): GUYANA – PANAMA, columns 21–40 (MICA – ZINC)

GUYANA: Salt .010; Silver .042
HAITI: Salt .010; Silver 1.706
HONDURAS: Zinc .204
HONG KONG: Silver .025; Steel .615; Tungsten .013
HUNGARY: Natural Gas .104; Nitrogen .492; Petroleum .140; Uranium NA; Zinc .071
INDIA: Mica 18.780; Nitrogen 1.388; Petroleum .128; Phosphate Rock .025; Salt 4.788; Silver .051; Steel 1.546; Thorium NA; Titanium 1.273; Tungsten .009; Uranium NA; Zinc .160
INDONESIA: Natural Gas .476; Nickel .446; Nitrogen .085; Petroleum 1.730; Phosphate Rock .011; Salt .319; Silver .111; Thorium NA; Tin (mined) 6.802
IRAQ: Natural Gas .495; Petroleum 5.642; Salt .362; Sulfur .158
IRAN: Petroleum 4.430; Salt .042; Zinc .273
IRELAND: Steel .005
ISRAEL: Natural Gas .001; Nitrogen .145; Petroleum .011; Phosphate Rock .583; Potash 1.029; Salt .054; Steel .017
ITALY: Molybdenum 1.237; Nitrogen 4.999; Petroleum .127; Potash 1.715; Salt 3.306; Silver .401; Steel 2.631; Sulfur .342; Titanium .000; Uranium NA; Zinc 2.934
IVORY COAST: —
JAMAICA: —
JAPAN: Molybdenum .805; Natural Gas .288; Nitrogen 7.318; Petroleum .057; Platinum .196; Salt .836; Silver 3.513; Steel 8.161; Sulfur 1.829; Tin (mined) .450; Titanium .039; Tungsten 1.325; Uranium NA; Zinc 5.428
JORDAN: Phosphate Rock .800; Salt .019
KENYA: Mica .000; Salt .034; Silver .020
KOREA (NORTH): Nitrogen .497; Phosphate Rock .395; Salt .477; Silver .255; Steel .264; Tungsten 6.811; Zinc 2.736
KOREA (SOUTH): Molybdenum .169; Nitrogen .316; Salt .242; Silver .177; Steel .041; Thorium NA; Tungsten 9.430; Zinc .030
KUWAIT: Petroleum 7.396
LAOS: Tin (mined) .171
LEBANON: —
LIBERIA: —
LIBYA: Petroleum 1.759
LUXEMBOURG: Steel 1.044
MALAGASY REP.: Mica .532
MALAWI: Thorium NA; Titanium .167
MALAYSIA: Nitrogen .310; Thorium NA; Tin (mined) 31.498*; Titanium 6.836; Tungsten .012
MALI: —
MAURITANIA: —
MEXICO: Molybdenum .099; Natural Gas 1.936; Nitrogen .553; Petroleum 1.204; Phosphate Rock .059; Salt 1.289; Silver 17.049*; Steel .525; Sulfur 12.134; Tin (mined) .554; Titanium .006; Tungsten .055; Zinc 6.575
MOROCCO: Molybdenum .001; Nickel .446; Petroleum .011; Phosphate Rock 16.629; Salt .039; Silver .308; Tin (mined) .005; Zinc .905
MOZAMBIQUE: Salt .029; Thorium NA
NETHERLANDS: Natural Gas .036; Nitrogen 2.750; Petroleum .161; Salt 1.556; Steel .606; Sulfur .273
NEW CALEDONIA: Nickel 10.430
NEW ZEALAND: Molybdenum .000; Petroleum .000; Salt .011; Silver .000
NICARAGUA: Salt .017; Silver .161
NIGER: —
NIGERIA: Natural Gas NA; Petroleum .289; Thorium NA; Tin (mined) 4.583; Titanium .028; Zinc .340
NORWAY: Molybdenum .487; Nitrogen 1.951; Salt .478; Steel .140; Titanium 11.089
PAKISTAN: Mica .000; Natural Gas .225; Nitrogen .482; Petroleum .036; Salt .010
PANAMA: —

Resource inventory (continued): PARAGUAY – ZAMBIA

PARAGUAY: Cement .004
PERU: Antimony 1.323; Cement .200; Coal-Anthracite .006; Copper 3.754; Feldspar .018; Gold .228; Iron Ore 1.259; Lead 5.827; Manganese .002; Mercury 1.292
PHILIPPINES: Asbestos .013; Cement .252; Chromite 11.620; Coal-Anthracite .008; Copper 1.355; Feldspar .388; Gold .850; Iron Ore .265; Lead .002; Manganese .052; Mercury .259
POLAND: Aluminum .844; Asbestos .000; Cement 2.034; Coal-Anthracite 5.827; Coal-Lignite 2.151; Copper .280; Feldspar 1.556; Gypsum 1.436; Iron Ore .499; Lead 1.520; Magnesite .318
PORTUGAL: Cement .380; Coal-Anthracite .021; Coal-Lignite .019; Copper .011; Feldspar .023; Gold .049; Iron Ore .043; Lead .008; Manganese .058
QATAR: —
RHODESIA: Antimony .107; Asbestos 4.431; Bauxite .006; Cement .066; Chromite 9.469; Coal-Anthracite .141; Copper .354; Flourspar .014; Gold 1.281; Iron Ore .125; Magnesite .131
ROMANIA: Bauxite .033; Cement 1.159; Coal-Anthracite .291; Coal-Lignite .646; Iron Ore .438; Lead .491; Manganese 1.775
RUANDA-URUNDI: Gold .001
SAUDI ARABIA: Cement .049
SENEGAL: Cement .050
SIERRA LEONE: Bauxite .066; Chromite .070; Diamonds (indus.) 2.770; Iron Ore .366
SOMALI REP.: —
SOUTH AFRICA: Antimony 20.146; Asbestos 6.409; Cement .765; Chromite 20.050; Coal-Anthracite 2.186; Copper 1.166; Diamonds (indus.) 8.577; Feldspar 2.448; Flourspar 2.468; Gold 62.062*; Gypsum .461; Iron Ore .854; Lead .000; Magnesite 1.177; Manganese 8.932
SOUTHWEST AFRICA: Copper .686; Diamonds (indus.) .395; Feldspar .130; Flourspar .020; Gold .000; Lead 2.883
SPAIN: Aluminum .824; Antimony .105; Bauxite .039; Cement 2.055; Coal-Anthracite .664; Coal-Lignite .363; Copper .504; Feldspar .738; Flourspar 7.226; Gold .035; Gypsum 9.483; Iron Ore .995; Lead 2.444; Magnesite 1.014; Manganese .104; Mercury 23.830*
SPAN. SAHARA: Gold .002
SUDAN: Cement .026; Chromite .429; Gold .008
SURINAM: Bauxite 11.426; Gold .004
SWAZILAND: Asbestos 1.038; Feldspar 2.668; Flourspar .141; Gold .290; Iron Ore 4.528; Lead 2.699
SWEDEN: Aluminum .331; Cement .862; Coal-Anthracite .005; Copper .403; Gypsum .244; Iron Ore .018
SWITZERLAND: Aluminum 1.109; Cement .950
SYRIA: Cement .181; Gold .071; Iron Ore .000
TAIWAN: Aluminum .216; Asbestos .018; Cement .595; Coal-Anthracite .247; Copper .034; Diamonds (indus.) 1.041; Gold .232
TANZANIA: Coal-Anthracite .000; Iron Ore .003; Lead .088; Manganese .045
THAILAND: Antimony 1.097; Cement .264; Coal-Anthracite .007; Flourspar 1.376
TOGO: —
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: Cement .042; Iron Ore .165; Lead .559
TUNISIA: Cement .095; Flourspar .030; Gypsum .440; Iron Ore .143; Lead .100; Magnesite .214; Manganese .043; Mercury 1.272
TURKEY: Antimony 3.215; Asbestos .012; Cement .715; Chromite 7.182; Coal-Anthracite .350; Coal-Lignite .699; Copper .543; Gypsum 1.153; Iron Ore .092; Manganese .147
UAR (EGYPT): Cement .670; Gold .000
UGANDA: Cement .014; Copper .343
UNITED KINGDOM: Aluminum .563; Cement 3.714; Coal-Anthracite 10.245; Flourspar 3.627; Gypsum 10.171; Iron Ore 2.903; Lead .019
UPPER VOLTA: Gold .101
URUGUAY: Cement .090; Feldspar .016
USA: Aluminum 38.035*; Antimony 1.047; Asbestos 2.068; Bauxite 5.046; Cement 16.670*; Coal-Anthracite 22.168*; Coal-Lignite .344; Cobalt NA; Copper 23.285*; Feldspar 32.482*; Flourspar 8.544; Gold 3.322; Gypsum 23.135*; Iron Ore 14.328; Lead 9.032; Magnesite 5.735; Manganese .065; Mercury 7.998
USSR: Aluminum 18.092; Antimony 10.876; Asbestos 37.383; Bauxite 14.228; Cement 16.188; Chromite 31.113*; Coal-Anthracite 20.349; Coal-Lignite 19.148; Cobalt NA; Copper 14.779; Diamonds (indus.) 9.179; Feldspar 11.538; Flourspar 12.820; Gold 11.538; Gypsum 10.407; Iron Ore 26.341*; Lead 13.903; Magnesite 32.391*; Manganese 45.513*; Mercury 14.644
VENEZUELA: Cement .416; Coal-Anthracite .002; Diamonds (indus.) .103; Gold .060; Iron Ore 2.250
VIET NAM (NORTH): Cement .132; Chromite .766; Coal-Anthracite .173
VIET NAM (SOUTH): Coal-Anthracite .005; Copper 1.313
YUGOSLAVIA: Aluminum .650; Antimony 4.761; Asbestos .282; Bauxite 4.185; Cement .749; Chromite 2.373; Coal-Anthracite .066; Coal-Lignite 3.663; Feldspar 1.740; Gold .189; Gypsum .347; Iron Ore .440; Lead 3.991; Magnesite 4.935; Manganese .055; Mercury 6.626
ZAMBIA: Cement .031; Cobalt 6.031; Copper 12.442; Gold .011; Lead .770; Manganese .240

Resource inventory (continued): PARAGUAY – ZAMBIA

PARAGUAY: —
PERU: Molybdenum 1.292; Natural Gas .170; Nitrogen .100; Petroleum .225; Phosphate Rock .373; Salt .091; Silver 14.673; Steel .018; Tin .011; Tungsten .885; Zinc 5.382
PHILIPPINES: Molybdenum .259; Nitrogen .045; Phosphate Rock .003; Salt .073; Silver .308; Sulfur .000; Zinc .106
POLAND: Natural Gas .160; Nickel .354; Nitrogen 1.896; Petroleum .016; Phosphate Rock .126; Salt 2.243; Silver .051; Steel 2.073; Sulfur 1.837; Zinc 4.033
PORTUGAL: Nitrogen .633; Salt .365; Silver .019; Sulfur .023; Tin .377; Titanium .001; Tungsten 2.761; Uranium NA; Zinc .004
QATAR: Petroleum .735
RHODESIA: Nickel .033; Silver .033; Steel .012; Tin .261; Tungsten .004
ROMANIA: Natural Gas 1.720; Petroleum .955; Salt 1.723; Silver .256; Steel .700
RWANDA & BURUNDI: Tin .667; Tungsten .021
SAUDI ARABIA: Petroleum 6.234; Salt .010
SENEGAL: Phosphate Rock 1.160; Salt .063; Titanium .590
SIERRA LEONE: —
SOMALI REP.: —
SOUTH AFRICA: Mica 1.179; Nickel .683; Nitrogen .663; Phosphate Rock .885; Platinum 19.773; Salt .208; Silver 1.091; Steel .734; Sulfur .015; Thorium NA; Tin .803; Titanium 1.346; Tungsten .013; Uranium 15.006; Vanadium 19.440
SOUTHWEST AFRICA: Mica .299; Phosphate Rock .001; Salt .068; Silver .252; Tin .232; Tungsten .369; Vanadium 15.849; Zinc .913
SPAIN: Nitrogen 1.031; Potash 2.370; Salt 1.787; Silver 1.975; Steel .645; Sulfur .539; Tin .083; Titanium 2.314; Tungsten .250; Uranium .182; Zinc 2.515
SPAN. SAHARA: —
SUDAN: Salt .039
SURINAM: —
SWAZILAND: Silver .000; Tin .001
SWEDEN: Nitrogen .347; Silver 1.428; Steel 1.010; Sulfur .205; Tungsten .588; Uranium .033; Zinc 2.232
SWITZERLAND: Nitrogen .140; Salt .201; Steel .080
SYRIA: Salt .016
TAIWAN: Natural Gas .008; Nitrogen .558; Petroleum .000; Salt .659; Silver .024; Steel .071; Sulfur .075
TANZANIA: Mica .059; Salt .035; Silver .009; Tin .124
THAILAND: Salt .210; Steel .001; Tin 8.190; Tungsten .352; Zinc .023
TOGO: Phosphate Rock 2.077
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: Natural Gas .135; Petroleum .510; Sulfur .055
TUNISIA: Natural Gas .001; Phosphate Rock 4.611; Salt .316; Silver .003; Zinc .119
TURKEY: Petroleum .053; Salt .419; Steel .094; Sulfur .151; Zinc .125
UAR (EGYPT): Nitrogen .663; Petroleum .406; Phosphate Rock 1.253; Salt .412; Steel .051; Sulfur .055; Thorium NA; Titanium .024
UGANDA: Platinum .013; Salt .002; Silver .000; Tin .085
UNITED KINGDOM: Natural Gas NA; Nitrogen 4.501; Petroleum .009; Salt 6.837; Steel 5.928; Sulfur .369; Tin .644
UPPER VOLTA: —
URUGUAY: —
USA: Mica 54.687*; Molybdenum 71.519*; Natural Gas 67.285*; Nickel 2.895; Nitrogen 28.665*; Petroleum 28.862*; Phosphate Rock 39.246*; Platinum 3.220; Potash 23.669*; Salt 29.273*; Silver 13.955; Steel 25.680*; Sulfur 46.259*; Thorium NA; Titanium 4.164; Tungsten 8.756; Uranium 47.079*; Vanadium 53.850*; Zinc 13.165*
USSR: Molybdenum 13.751; Natural Gas 15.580; Nickel 22.784; Nitrogen 9.717; Petroleum 15.772; Phosphate Rock 21.407; Platinum 51.779*; Potash 14.049; Salt 9.216; Silver 10.765; Steel 20.777; Sulfur 10.714; Thorium NA; Tin 10.508; Titanium NA; Tungsten 18.730; Uranium NA; Zinc 11.194
VENEZUELA: Natural Gas 1.050; Petroleum 12.430; Salt .080; Steel .094
VIET NAM (NORTH): Salt .134
VIET NAM (SOUTH): Phosphate Rock 1.559; Salt .134
YUGOSLAVIA: Mica .019; Natural Gas .032; Nitrogen .387; Petroleum .125; Salt .175; Silver 1.511; Steel .411; Tungsten .029; Zinc 1.679
ZAMBIA: Silver .352; Zinc 1.047

Resource inventory (continued), cols 30–40 [re-scan of p.72 right half]: PARAGUAY – ZAMBIA

PARAGUAY: —
PERU: Salt .091; Silver 14.673; Steel .018; Tin .011; Tungsten .885; Zinc 5.382
PHILIPPINES: Salt .073; Silver .308; Sulfur .000; Zinc .106
POLAND: Salt 2.243; Silver .051; Steel 2.073; Sulfur 1.837; Zinc 4.033
PORTUGAL: Salt .365; Silver .019; Sulfur .023; Tin .377; Titanium .001; Tungsten 2.761; Uranium NA; Zinc .004
QATAR: —
RHODESIA: Silver .033; Steel .012; Tin .261; Tungsten .004
ROMANIA: Salt 1.723; Silver .256; Steel .700
RWANDA & BURUNDI: Tin .667; Tungsten .021
SAUDI ARABIA: Salt .010
SENEGAL: Salt .063; Titanium .590
SIERRA LEONE: —
SOMALI REP.: —
SOUTH AFRICA: Salt .208; Silver 1.091; Steel .734; Sulfur .015; Thorium NA; Tin .803; Titanium 1.346; Tungsten .013; Uranium 15.006; Vanadium 19.440
SOUTHWEST AFRICA: Salt .068; Silver .252; Tin .232; Tungsten .369; Vanadium 15.849; Zinc .913
SPAIN: Salt 1.787; Silver 1.975; Steel .645; Sulfur .539; Tin .083; Titanium 2.314; Tungsten .250; Uranium .182; Zinc 2.515
SPAN. SAHARA: —
SUDAN: Salt .039
SURINAM: —
SWAZILAND: Silver .000; Tin .001
SWEDEN: Silver 1.428; Steel 1.010; Sulfur .205; Tungsten .588; Uranium .033; Zinc 2.232
SWITZERLAND: Salt .201; Steel .080
SYRIA: Salt .016
TAIWAN: Salt .659; Silver .024; Steel .071; Sulfur .075
TANZANIA: Salt .035; Silver .009; Tin .124
THAILAND: Salt .210; Steel .001; Tin 8.190; Tungsten .352; Zinc .023
TOGO: —
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: Sulfur .055
TUNISIA: Salt .316; Silver .003; Zinc .119
TURKEY: Salt .419; Steel .094; Sulfur .151; Zinc .125
UAR (EGYPT): Salt .412; Steel .051; Sulfur .055; Thorium NA; Titanium .024
UGANDA: Salt .002; Silver .000; Tin .085
UNITED KINGDOM: Salt 6.837; Steel 5.928; Sulfur .369; Tin .644
UPPER VOLTA: —
URUGUAY: —
USA: Salt 29.273*; Silver 13.955; Steel 25.680*; Sulfur 46.259*; Thorium NA; Titanium 4.164; Tungsten 8.756; Uranium 47.079*; Vanadium 53.850*; Zinc 13.165*
USSR: Salt 9.216; Silver 10.765; Steel 20.777; Sulfur 10.714; Thorium NA; Tin 10.508; Titanium NA; Tungsten 18.730; Uranium NA; Zinc 11.194
VENEZUELA: Salt .080; Steel .094
VIET NAM (NORTH): Salt .134
VIET NAM (SOUTH): Salt .134
YUGOSLAVIA: Salt .175; Silver 1.511; Steel .411; Tungsten .029; Zinc 1.679
ZAMBIA: Silver .352; Zinc 1.047

14.1IRON ORE RESOURCES

14.2 $∙$ = 100 million tons

14.3 Approx. Schematic

14.4 Ref: Oxford Economic Atlas of the World The Geography of Economic Activity, By: Richard S. Thoman, Dept. of Geography, Queen’s University, 1962.

14.5 COAL RESOURCES

14.6 $∙$ = 20 billion metric tons

14.7 Approx. Schematic

14.8 Ref: World Geo-Graphic Atlas, edited and designed by Herbert Bayer, Container Corporation of America, 1953. The Geography of Economic Activity, By: Richard S. Thoman Dept. of Geography, Queen’s University, 1962.

14.9 POTENTIAL & DEVELOPED WATER POWER

14.10 $∙$ = 10 million horsepower potential undeveloped = 10 million horsepower developed 14.11 Approx. Schematic 14.12 Ref: World Geo-Graphic Atlas, edited and designed by Herbert Bayer, Container Corporation of America, 1953. World Population and Production, By: W. S. Woytinsky and E. S. Woytinsky, The Twentieth Century Fund, N. Y., 1953. 14.13 WORLD : CALORIES PER CAPITA, PER DAY, PER AREA. 14.14 (scale: 0 – 1000 – 2000 – 3000 ; lower axis 10 – 1000 – 2000 – 3000 – 3600) 14.15 AUSTRALIA 3,250 N. AMERICA 3,100 S. AMERICA 3,050 EUROPE 3,025 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NEAR EAST 2,450 CENT. AMERICA 2,400 AFRICA 2,380 ASIA 2,100 14.16 Legend: Cereals, starchy roots, sugar. Other sources. Animal protein. 14.17 Adequate Daily Requirement (vertical dashed line near 3000). approx. 2/3 world population.

4.2 Population and Food

15.1Great concern has been voiced about the impending population explosion and our negligible chances of being able to feed, clothe and adequately shelter the growing millions. Much of this concern is an obvious hangover from the famous study of the Rev. Thomas Malthus⁵ which suggested that human population would in- crease beyond the limits of the earth’s capacity to sustain it, and mankind would ultimately perish. Compounded in the 19c with over-simplified versions of Darwin’s ‘survival of the finest’, this seemed to indicate that the ‘have’ nations should necessarily look after their own, and let the less fortunate sections of the world fend for themselves. 15.2 We know, now, simply on the basis of our existing industrial and agricult- ural capacity, that this Malthusian view is quite erroneous. We can accommodate much larger numbers of people and at vastly increased standards of living than were even dreamt of in preceding centuries. 15.3 This dawning awareness of our real potential has been particularly evident to world around scientists for some time. It may be appropriate here to quote an ex- tract from the views of E. K. Fedorov, Secretary General of the USSR Academy of Sciences, published in U. S. Saturday Review of Sept. 1, 1962: - 15.4 "It seems to me that . . . despite limits to the natural resources on our planet, the possibilities of satisfying the fundamental needs of society (in energy, food, and materials) are increasing rather than diminishing all the time on a per capita basis. There is no reason for expecting any diminuation of these possibilities in the visible future. Thus there are and have been, no grounds for considering the limits to our natural resources as a cause for any deficiency or misfortune in the life of mankind. In the remote future, the size of the earth may indeed prove to be the only restrictive factor." 15.5 The precise rise in the population estimate itself varies from source to source as complete reliable data has again, only recently been tabulated. Within present forecasts, also, little weighting is given to the fact that life expectancy has increased spectacularly in the industrial countries hence there are more people alive, but older - the increase is not all contained within birth rate estimates at the base of the scale but is also at the top. A relation exists between increased industrial productivity and corresponding decrease in human reproduction. Studies conducted in Europe, North America and the British Commonwealth show that there is a sharp decline in birth rate which corresponds with those family units receiving the largest share of increased output. At the present time it seems, ‘that the most which can be said is that where the per capita production of energy reaches the level reached earlier in areas like North Europe and the United States, and is simularly distributed, fertility 15.6 will probably decline⁶ ." 15.7 The pressing problem of adequate nourishment for the greater part of the world cannot be solved simply in terms of increased yield per acre or more extensive cultivation. This picture is, again, obscured by the artificial credit and tariff controls which still enmesh each major producing country and prevent full use of food land and produced surpluses. 15.8 Suggestions like the extension of intensive hoe cultivation, as practiced in the East, because it apparently yields more per acre than Western mechanized farming are not real solutions. Distortion occurs here, for example in statistical analyses , - - the top 4 percent of large scale mechanized producing units in the United States account for approximately 80 percent of the country’s enormous total yield. The remainder of producers still figure in the weighted average though they range up and down the scale from wealthy business executives holding large acreage relatively unworked, to other part-time farmers whose real work occupation is in industry. 15.9 Adequate food supply may not be predicated, solely, on traditional agricultural yield methods but requires the imaginative collaboration of many discip- lines to solve. The integrative design solutions to the overall problem must come from our development of a comprehensive design science. 15.10 "Some may tend to underestimate the comprehensive nature of the problem, saying the people are thus starving and we have the land capacity to raise the food. This conception voiced by the theoretical specialist or casual observer is without benefit of logistic experience. It is not just a matter of raising food but getting food to people, anywhere from zero to 25,000 miles distant. And then it is not just a matter of getting food to people zero to 25,000 miles away – it is a matter of getting it there at certain velocities; and it is not just a matter of getting it there at certain velocities, but it is a matter of getting it there on schedules in certain conditions, conditions of nourishing content, palatability and vital preservation. And even then it is not a matter of success concerning all the preceding conditions, for the dumping of a year’s food supply in front of a helpless family huddled on the street-curb is but an unthinkable tragedy. The maggot appear in hours. And once again the continuing energy controls providing progressive freezes, heatings, etc. , cannot be effected by refrigerators and stoves dumped in the street along with a year’s tonnage of food. Obviously a world continuity of scientific- industrial controls resultant upon comprehensive and technical redesign is spelled-out as the irreducible minimum of solution."

4.3 Education and Communication

16.1Education is the prime tool which increases unmeasurably man’s freedom of both physical and psychic mobility.. Today through the phenomenal growth of our knowledge of history we are able, not only to mentally ‘time travel’, but also, with the successive incorporations of our educated intellectual wealth into mobile extensions via industrial technology, to swiftly transport our physical selves to all the historical sites which man has occupied in earth’s history. Archaeology ‘opens up yesterday as fast as today and tomorrow’, and we seem in due ratios to explore as far back in our past as rapidly as we go forward into the future. 16.2 Such augmented experience is at the present time available only to the relative few. The more negative aspects of world education and communication are prominent in their combined graphic representation in this section. More than two fifths of the world’s population is illiterate. Full access to the global communications network is not available for all. 16.3 Illiteracy is not in itself an evil, but only in that it denies one full partici- pation in modern civilization. It is a constraint upon the individual’s relative freedom. But, even, in the most highly industrialized countries, the task of educating the bulk of their populations to merely adequate standards remains immense. Recourse to tradi- tional methods no longer suffices, and strenuous efforts are being made to incorporate the latest scientific findings in cybernetics and psychology and many other disciplines to find solutions which will match up to the magnitude of the task. 16.4 Whilst great knowledge and ingenuity are being put into research on the channels thro’ which education is conveyed, little consideration has been given to what is conveyed in the communicated content. It is obvious that the magnitude of the task demands a most rigorous examination of ‘what knowledge’ and in which order, amount and forms it is to be conveyed in. 16.5 In our day, the bulk complexity and detail of our knowledge requires restructuring into assimilable wholes, and to be imparted even at the most elementary levels in terms of whole systems. We can no longer think in terms of single static entities - one thing, one situation, one problem - but only in terms of dynamic changing processes and series of events that interact complexly. 16.6 Traditional education proceeds from the most elementary local and separated out aspect to the complex whole - and therefore grows more ‘difficult’ as it advances. Such an approach may have sufficed when man’s knowledge was limited and his set of experiences locally definable. In our present global civil- ization we require an educational approach which will embrace at the outset the most comprehensive review of fundamental ‘generalized’ principles, then, as these are progressively mastered, the approach should continue through their subdivision and application to the separate localized case. Having established this order from ‘the whole to the particular’ we need to take, then, all of the advantages afforded us by the latest communications developments through which the complex patternings and behaviours of universe may be brought within reach and made part of man’s working everday experience. 16.7 In terms of ‘mass world education’, which is the briefest statement of the problem, solutions may best be sought in the most highly advanced communications networks - cinema, television, etc., and their combination with recent researches in psychology and cybernetics. The telephone system for example has already been used in most effective ways. Where verbal and non-verbal communication may operate together, those various established media have the advantage of reaching large numbers of people at one time or may be flexibly adjusted to individual or small group require- ments. The development of two-way television, almost realizable, will afford immediate ‘feedback’ which could make such mass and individually programmed education even more effective. We need a new eduational technology to integrate these various facets of work already accomplished and to develop swiftly a complete range of automated- education facilities⁷ . 16.8 ’It is well to remember that the comprehensive world economics are going to force vast economic reforms of industries and nations which incidentally will require utter modernization of the educational processes in order to survive – our educational processes are in fact the upcoming major world industry.’ 16.9 As we effectively dis-employ man as a mechanical worker and pay him to return to his studies this will bring about profound changes in our concept of education itself. Education ‘to earn a living’ will become an anachronism. Education will develop in quite unprecedented ways. 16.10 Already in ‘tourism’, a resultant of the surplus wealth generated by the industrial equation, we may discern a developing ecological pattern of man which is part of this new educational process. Our schematic mapping of one year’s such world around movement provides a succinct preview of the accelerated degree of man’s mobility which will come out of the further increase in his shared wealth and re-investible time. 16.11 Men now come and go around the world with increasing frequency and range. Local man’s per life average on foot may be reckoned in thousands of miles. With air travel, world man sweepout in a lifetime is in millions of miles. This is not only increase in speed, but is compounded with a comprehensive viewing of the earth and other men. Local, on foot, (or by horseback, or even railroad), travel experience was discontinuous. But the experience from the air is one of ‘continuity’ and finite comprehensibility of the earth, and the patterns of man upon it. 16.12 One may also observe that this extraordinary increase in individual mobility is mainly that of urban man. It is the city man who travels - not the farmer. Urbanization need not then be viewed as a clogging up of the ecological network but just a present waystation phase of man’s increasing deployment pattern. 16.13 [blank page] 16.14 ONE HALF OF THE WORLD IS ILLITERATE 16.15 0 – 10% 10 – 50% 50% – up 16.16 Ref. WORLD COMMUNICATIONS UNESCO 16.17 more than 10 daily papers / 5 radio receivers / 2 cinema seats per 100 persons 16.18 less than 10 daily papers / 5 radio receivers per 100 persons 16.19 less than 10 daily papers / 5 radio receivers / 2 cinema seats per 100 persons 16.20 ALL AREAS NOT OUTLINED 16.21 COMMUNICATION IS NOT AVAILABLE TO ALL 16.22 WORLD MOBILITY (approximately schematic) 16.23

∙

<– = number of arrivals in various countries ( 1961 ) * -

\cdot

\cdot

- = polar air routes * including internal continental movement

16.24 18,000 1,500,000 55,000,000 500,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 10,000 5,000,000 9,000,000 9,000 12,000 25,000 1,000,00 91,000 36,000 9,000

16.25 Ref ; International Travel Statistics 1961. International Union of Official Travel Organisations.

16.26 [blank page]

4.4 Continuous Man

17.1The evolving continuity of man’s experience - with his extension into the past, his ‘continuous’ and simultaneous viewing of large areas of the earth from airplanes or as relayed from satellites - is directly related to his continuous organic renewals, and to the survival principles of the organism.

17.2 The trends in ‘safety miles’ travelled by auto and air show an enormous increase in achieving the required speeds and mobility - under safer and safer conditions.

17.3 Man demonstrates, in these chartings of his safer travel and dramatic gains over certain diseases, an inherent success mechanism. This forward continuous quality may also be relatively predicated in terms of the individual man and his gain in life years expectancy. The ways in which man has begun to use his increasing knowledge of his internal metabolics repair, restore and replace internal fluids and even organs as required. The world blood transfusion services now span a great area of the globe and handle many thousands of units of blood and plasma annually. Organic transplants of certain types like eye corneas, are coming gradually into standard inventory items. Artificial valves, tubes, clips, etc., have been part of man’s internal replacement service for some time, and his various prosthetic attachments are approaching the relative complexity of natural limb capabilities.

17.4 One of the most exciting areas of this bio-technical development lies in the scientific extension and augmentation of human brain power via subtle interface linkage with computer systems. Augmentation is already available in using the computer, but the developing systems, referred to envisage large network hook-ups to main or individual centers by individual portable prosthetic type attachments.

17.5 LIFE EXPECTANCY

17.6 INDUSTRIAL MAN HAS GAINED APPROX.

17.7 20 YRS. EXTRA LIFE SINCE 1900

17.8 B.C. : 18 A.D. 1 : 22 1200 : 33 1600 : 33 5 1800 : 33.5 1850 : 40.9 1900 : 49.2 1946 : 66.7 1960 : 70

17.9 AIR SAFETY MILES (International and Territorial Service U.S. Carriers.)

17.10 Passenger Fatality Rate Miles per Capita

17.11 X = Passenger Fatality X = rate per 100 million passenger miles flown No. Miles Flown Per Capita

17.12 Ref: Bureau of Safety Civil Aeronautics Board 1963

17.13 AUTO: SAFETY MILES U.S.

17.14 Death Rate Deaths

17.15 Total Deaths Death Rates Per 100 Million Vehicle Miles

17.16 Ref: National Safety Council (U.S.) Accident Facts 1963 Edition.

17.17 MALARIA: Number of Cases

17.18 Mexico U.S. Colombia Venezuela Years National Health Education Committee, Inc.

17.19 TUBERCULOSIS Deaths per 100,000 Population

17.20 Puerto Rico Chile Uruguay Venezuela U.S. National Health Education Committee, Inc.

17.21 DECLINE IN TUBERCULOSIS DEATH RATE

17.22 U. S.

17.23 Before Streptomycin 49% Decline 60% Decline Introduction of Isoniazid Feb. 1962 80% Decline

17.24 National Division of Vital Statistics

17.25 [blank page]

Appendix A: Letter to World Architectural Students

17.26[blank page]

17.27 To: The World Architectural Students

17.28 From: R. Buckminster Fuller

17.29 Subject: NEW FORMS VS. REFORMS

17.30 In the 1920’s with but little open country highway mileage in operation, automobile accidents were concentrated and frequently occurred within our urban and suburban presence. Witnessing a number of accidents, I observed that warning signs later grew up along the roads leading to danger points and that more traffic and motorcycle police were put on duty. The authorities tried to cure the malady by reforming the motorists. A relatively few special individual drivers with much experience, steady temperament, good coordination and natural tendency to anticipate and understand the psychology of others emerged as “good” and approximately accident-free drivers. Many others were accident prone.

17.31 In lieu of the after-the-fact curative reform, trending to highly spec- ialized individual offender case histories, my philosophy urged the anticipatory avoidance of the accident potentials through invention of generalized highway dividers, grade separaters, clover leafing and adequately banked curves and automatic traffic control stop-lighting systems. I saw no reason why the problem shouldn’t be solved by preventative design rather than attempted reforms. My resolve: Reshape environment; don’t try to reshape man.

17.32 The early response to my philosophy was that it would cost too much and was too long distant, would require too much science and engineering, would make life too mechanical and would abrogate states’ rights. A half century has shown me that we have now undertaken to do the costly design anyway after having experienced the far more costly ten million traffic deaths (which outnumber the potential hydrogen bomb kill on the New York target) as well as the vast billions of dollars worth of property damage and the incalculable pain, bereavement and shattered life ramifications of those lethal traffic events.

17.33 Juvenile delinquency is a problem that will never yield permanently to good willed social or even to hard political reforms invoking police state tactics. J. D. is a consequence of ecological inadequacies. It is entirely a design problem. Inadequate space and facilities for fundamental growth and experience needs of youth, characterising city dwelling in general in both slum and high-cost multiple dwelling areas, are directly responsible both for youth’s subconscious and conscious awareness of the inadequacy and its inexcusable incompatibility with nuclear fission, moon rocketing, polar submarine passage, as well as general scientific and industry capability. It is an inescapable contempt for the social incompetence that tolerates its continuance

17.34 that is only satisfied by throwing a stone through any window which seems symbolic of the failure of the adults to organize the total potentials to solve first things first–first being how to produce the good life for all and not how to destroy all life in one “retaliatory” warhead exchange.

17.35 The consequence of expediency is usually that we pay twice as much in the end as it would cost to do it the right way in the beginning.

17.36 Within the grand strategy of anticipatory problem solving to be accomplished exclusively through design transformations of human ecology’s physical environment apparatus, the design strategems range from powerful to subtle. For instance, instead of attempting to push the bow of an ocean liner from one side to the other in order to steer it (as we do the front ends of automobiles, as well as of social trend fronts) inasmuch as the great seas also try to push the bows to one side of the other thus tending to throw the ship out of control, the naval architect must design in such a way that the ship’s course will not tend to be diverted by heavy seas yet will be steerable. To do this he designs a ship’s hull with the hinge or pivot point of the ship occurring forwardly under the step of the bow. This makes a long lever arm aft and a very short lever arm forward of the pivot and the long lever over-powers the short one as in a weathervane “ship”. Thus the naval architect makes the stern of the ship (rather than the bow) swing to one side or the other of the course. The course tends to be held steadily by the bow. The stern tries to follow the bow in a straight course. The keel then makes the stern follow the bow when the ship is in motion. In order to change course, the stern is deliberately swung to one side or the other. This is done by the rudder at the stern which is so small as to be easily manipulated. The rudder by making a small drag angle creates a partial vacuum on the side of the rudder opposite to that of the direction in which the rudder is moved. This partial vacuum starts to pull the stern of the boat which causes a much larger partial vacuum to build up on the stern quarter of the ship on the side toward which the stern swings as the ship moves through the water in this askew attitude. This vacuum is built up for the same reason that the horizontal askew attitude of a wing-foil in motion through the air creates the lifting vacuum on its cambered or top surface. The reason is that it is a longer distance around the cambered askew side for the parted water to reach, as suddenly displaced by the ship’s motion, which makes the longer-way-reach tense the, air interspersed, water molecules, creating a partial vacuum. So powerful is this partial-vacuum, or negative pressure, chain-reaction buildup that it can for instance suck-pull the 30-knot-speeding hull of the 85,000-ton, Empire State Building sized, Queen Mary into a new angle in respect to the directionally fixed momentum of her bow-pivot center, which thus hinges the Queen Mary into a new course attitude, which is fixed when the rudder is returned past "midship” to “meet her” or break the vacuum build-up and then returned to midship position.

17.37 This principle of creating vacuums with minimum effort that will self- regenerate to build up large vacuums to govern very large, pattern transforming work is even more dramatically emphasized in the case of the giant jet airliners where, literally, postage stamp size trin-tabs in the trailing edges of the large vertical and horizontal ruddering surfaces are all that are used by the automatic- gyro-pilot servo-mechanisms to keep these hundred-ton sky giants hurtling along

17.38 at 600 miles per hour on accurate multi-dimensional course despite invisible atmospheric turbulences far greater in size and velocity magnitude than those of the water ocean.

17.39 My philosophy takes primary heed of the fact that all in universe is in constant transformative complex motion and all transform in patterns of least resistance. Therefore, philosophically it became evident that by subtly designed, “trim-tab” size inventions we could, with least physical effort, control the least resistant directions of various fundamental transformings. This could be done by devices which would so control the angle and frequency occurrences of little vacuums or tensions that they would automatically induce large vacuums and tensions which could cause man’s ecological patterning to evolve in preferred patterns. Designs could also detect and discretely vitiate specific subtle vacuums chain-reacting into larger vacuums and thereby holding certain transforming systems on socially deleterious courses.

17.40 How much more powerful is the miniscule ship’s rudder when in good order than a squadron of ships trying to maneuver a rudderless ship in a heaving sea by attempting to push the rudderless one with their plunging bows in preferred directions as do tugs maneuver a big ship in still water when the ship is moving too slowly to have steerage-way! Also how futile are shouted words of warning and ex- hortation in such situations! Only the rudder and the brain that directs the rudder are effective. No wonder Norbert Weiner included the Greek name for rudder in coining his “Cybernetics” to identify the newly emergent computer’s feed-back system science. No wonder the early Egyptian and Greek shipmasters stood in the stern of their ships, facing forwardly alongside the single oar steering slave as the crew of backwards facing slaves tensed at the banks of vacuum fulcrumed oars. Here is the picture of society straining at its slavishly accepted work, backing up, blindly into its future as an, often nearsighted, excursion captain cons the course.

17.41 My philosophy also takes heed of the, approximately unlimited, ratio of length to girth of tensional controls which always tend to pull true vs. the very limited length-girth ratio of pushing devices which when pushed tend to bend and break.

17.42 Philosophically it is clear that trim-tabs occur in the trailing edges of trailing devices–in the tail end of tail-end events–at the stern of the ship as the last event and not at the bow as the first event. The bow is important to keep the ship on a chosen course but the stern rudder puts and holds it on the chosen courses. The real steering takes place when the non-scientifically informed observer thinks everything is “all over.” But that final steering has to be done from “on board.” Just “having the last word” from away back in the wake of the ship is futile. Scientists have often said that the most important part of their greater discoveries occurred at the outset, in the proper formulation of the project’s objectives, forgetting that those enlightened formulations were really the after-image inducements of tail-end events of earlier and seeming failures of experimentation.

17.43 My philosophy also concentrates upon synergy, the behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the behavior of the system’s components, taken singly, or in addition, as for instance chrome-nickel-steel whose tensile strength is 50 percent greater than the sum of the tensile strengths of all its component metals. Synergy is readily explained by mathematics.

17.44 It was in the synergetic combination of such trim-tab and tensional type thinking regarding intellectual advantage over physical pattern dynamics that my philosophy emerged in 1927 as a set of generalized principles governing objective design formulations. I saw, as the tail-end event of one of my own private catastrophies, that the seemingly adverse events of history could always be, and sometimes have been, turned to fundamental advantage–even by physically miniscule individual man, despite the formidability of the era of the massive governments, corporations and promotional or protectional organizations representing all manner of debilitating biases. In 1927 I deliberately entered the “trim-tab lab”. Thirty-six years later with approximately 2000 environment controlling structures air delivered and installed in 40 countries around the earth as well as in both Arctic and Antarctic regions, I have the following exploratory events to report.

17.45 The Union International des Architects known as the U.I.A. is the only world organization of architects. Its membership includes 60 countries on both sides of the political curtains. Two thousand architects attended its last World Congress held in London, England, in 1961. The Executive Committee of the U.I.A. has officially accepted (Sept. 1962) my proposal (July 1961) that the world’s architectural schools undertake a ten-year, five increments exploration and design, purporting the reuse of the world’s intellectual and physical resources in such a scientifically designed manner that 100 percent instead of 44 percent of humanity may enjoy not only a high standard of living, but freedom of intellectual and physical initiative as well as educational advantage and travel embracing the whole earth.

17.46 I have had a third of a century experience in harvesting such world data and in inventorying the world trendings to be implemented by such a one-world-town anticipatory design science. As technical consultant to Fortune Magazine, 1938-40 (earlier, as the assistant to the Director of Research, Phelps, Dodge Corporation, 1936-1938; and later as Head Mechanical Engineer of the U.S. Board of Economic Warfare; and as assistant Deputy Director of the U.S. Foreign Economic Adminsitration, 1942-1944); I have had experience in inventorying world economic resources as manifest in the 10th Anniversary issue of Fortune dedicated to “U.S.A., and the World,” a quantitative inventory of World Industrialization at the outset of World War II.

17.47 Organization of the coming ten-year world human ecology program, in comprehensive anticipatory design science, to be promulgated by the only world organization of professional architects becomes a logical fulfillment of my experience.

17.48 In recent times the term Systems Engineering has developed to cover large and complex engineering design integrations–such as those of large aircraft missile delivery systems in contradistinction to non-manned missile delivery systems. There are even larger complex design integrations such as those of the “National Defense System.” Design of the world-around General Motors organization, now netting $1,500,000,000 annual profit, after payment of taxes, is in fact another such com- prehensive design undertaking, though it has been popularly known only as a business venture. The early, original, large business venture organizations such as the East India or Hudson’s Bay Trading Companies and the prototype industrial corporations

17.49 such as the Ford Motor Company should be thought of as special cases of generalized systems design. Few men have been admitted to the conceptual councils of such enter- prise. The vast majority of educated men are educated to be specialists, ergo, cogs in the wheels of these vastly designed systems, the blueprints for which the master designers “micro filmed” into their brains while burning the original drawings lest their competitors, active or potential, learn of their secret and comprehensive anticipatory designs. Funding and controlling the educational institution prototypes, the old economic master-conceivers never permitted comprehensive design science to be fostered except in their Naval Academies where their first line of enterprise defense was to be maintained. They created law schools and business adminstration and engineer- ing schools in order to acquire specialized lieutenants. There is now a strong intuition of democratic society that comprehensivity must be regained wherefore general studies programs are emerging in strength. At the December 1962 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a research paper was read which showed that biological species and nations that have become extinct did so be- cause of their becoming over-specialized. It has now developed that the prime distinc- tions between humans and computers as intelligence machines is that the computers can easily excel as specialists whereas the unique characteristic of the human intellect which may never be approached is that of the universe-long complexity of feed-back comprehensivity of introduced variables, a comprehensivity that could only be matched by a complex computer which h ad been building up its regeneratively introduced variable strands braiding for a period of several billion earth years. This temporary human advantage, of a few billion years . lead,is about to be widely discovered and will be one of the prime strategic considerations of man’s meager conscious contribu- tion to forward events of universal evolution.

17.50 My early experiences at the Naval Academy and in the regular Navy under the First World War conditions of accelerated emergency enlightenment of task force officers brought me into intimate experience with the formulation of comprehensive anticipatory design science as neatly but vastly packaged up in the concept, Navy. As personal aide for secret information to the U.S. Admiral command- ing the United States Cruiser and Transport Force which with a fleet of 130 ships successfully carried America’s million men to Europe and back between 1917 and 1919, I learned that Navies and their fully realized strategic capabilities required from a half century to a full century of anticipatory perspective. They required generations to build to world supremacy. The official Navy designing geniuses were combined scientist-artist-lawyer-merchant-venturers who were not alone concerned with Ships of the Line, plus only the supporting train, and a world-around pattern of naval stations and shipyards. They were also concerned with designing and building the total industrial support capability of the nation’s swiftly evolving science and technology. U.S. Steel, General Motors, E.I. DuPont de Niemours, General Electric and the American Telephone and Telegraph Companies didn’t just pop up as happenstance mushrooms after a rain, nor did they develop independently. They together with the United States Navy and the British Navy and all British Imperial this and thats “Limited” were all of one piece in the brilliantly conceived brains of a very few men amongst whom one of the few that we know of was J. P. Morgan. So powerful were these men that such declarations as that which I have just made never occurred in their day. Few comprehended their existence. Those few who caught on were either made partners or went “busted."

17.51 These old master designers and operators have been dead since the great 1929 crash. And while the special case secrets died with them the generalized principles governing systems design live on.

17.52 Since 1929, in the era of increasing specialization, the comprehensivist problems have been left largely unattended, but here and there, and no longer on a world basis, have been locally administered by the fortuitous emergence in our society of business operating, but not conceiving genuises or of political dictators, who took over government operation of the amalgamated, enterprise system packages, lying fallow within their national reach.

17.53 Just as the doctors, freeing themselves of client self-diagnosis and command, long ago seized the initiative in dealing with the internal organics of man as a total integrated science, I have forseen, for one-third of a century, that the opportunity existed for a new professional architectural scientist to seize the initiative, independent of client prerogatives, in dealing anticipatorily with the ex- ternal organics of industrial man. I am confident that the generalized principles governing comprehensive anticipatory design, manifest in each and all of the typical “special cases” of the comprehensive systems designs which I have cited, have now become scientifically extractable as describable pattern further reducible to mathe- matical’, physical and chemical formulae.

17.54 The Director of the U.S. Marine Corps Aviation Logistics made broad special case application of my generalized formulae in the realistic 1954-1956 analysis and found them apparently sound. I myself for over one-third of a century have been testing my generalized formulae as extracted from my comprehensive naval and commercial and industrial training and as applied to prognostication of world patterning trends and have had sufficient, well documented, success to warrant this new 1963 stage of their exploratory application to the U.I.A. ten-year world designing program.

17.55 The U.S. World War II strategy called for invasion of Europe from North Africa. This meant a large U.S. troop and logistical support route via Brazil to Af rica. Under these circumstances, Brazil was in a position to demand much reciprocity. In 1943 President Vargas of Brazil asked President Franklin Roosevelt for main items and amongst them for a comprehensive digest of the experiences of U. S. Industrial corporation engineers in Russia, between 1926-1938, during Russia’s contracting with leading U.S. industrial corporations for the furnishing of machinery and building and installation and organization of prototype factories in all the prime categories of industrialization. Vargas also asked that the experience digest be analyzed and integrated into a design system which might disclose the essential plan- ning logic of Russia’s comprehensive acquisition of total industrialization in the short- est possible time. What did Russia have and what did she have to acquire from outside of Russia to get started? What were steps of “first-things-first"? What were the arguments that determined the sequence of stages of acquisition of full industrialization? I received this assignment and interviewed most of the U.S. engineers, and industrial executives as well, who had had the Russian contract experiences. These were the men who actually supervised the Russian building and tooling up of the prototype

17.56 factories in the full array of prime industrial categories. As expected, they had all had interesting discussions with the Russians regarding industrial planning. I made and wrote the digest of the experiences, as well as the analysis and breakdown into a disclosed Russian master planning priorities scheme, and the prime arguments supporting the decisions. Also in response to Vargas’ further request of Roosevelt, I generalized the planning principles manifest in the special Russian case of fundamental planning and reapplied the generalized principles to the special case planning of Brazil’s proposed industrialization. Several of the most important of my proposals for Brazil’s industrialization have since been adopted in Brazil, but they have not as yet instituted organized planning as did Russia. My report made clear that this would never be possible in Brazil alone.

17.57 When I had completed that task and it had gone on its official way, every item in it had been advocated by one or another prominent U.S. industrial engineering executive. It was a plan of which U.S. industry’s engineers approved.

17.58 It became clear to me as a student of large, generalized systems design science that industrialization is a vast external metabolic organism of Man and a fundamental and orderly counterpart–function for function–of the internal metabolic organism of Man. It was clear that men’s internal organism was not designed by man and simply occurred without man’s important knowledge of its design or development of maintenance. It occurred to me that while individual men–as inventor mechanics, inventor scientists, inventor managers– had perceived functions that could be trans- ferred from human organism work to inanimate machinery work, that nonetheless the principles were inherent in nature and not truly invented by man. Therefore, it could be said that out of a myriad of individual perceivings by individual human inventors which externalized man’ s internal and integral functions as inanimate mechanics that they were inadvertently all integrating synergetically as a total industrial world en- circling network organism that I called “continuous man.” The latter I saw was inherently a self-correcting, nervous intelligence, feedback system, and inherently regenerative, and inherently self-augmentative, as it inhibited greater and greater magnitudes of cosmic energy which the physicists assert may be neither created nor lost and that men simply discovered means of shunting hitherto untapped cosmic energy which the physicists assert may be neither created nor lost and that men simply dis- covered means of shunting hitherto untapped cosmic energy transformation patterns into man-devised circuits and channels to do more and more work in the ever more effectively integrating total industrial organism. Continuous man was finding more cosmic “berries” much as man had found berries on earth to eat and water to drink. Industry, like man, needed its energy food.

17.59 It became clear that not only could I apply the principles of industrial gestation growth to Brazil but that I could also with equal theoretical facility consider withdrawing industrialization from already industrialized or partially industrialized political entity economies. I found that if I withdrew industrialization from both Russia and the U.S.A. and left Russia its socialism and left U.S.A. its capitalism, both of which were invented pre-industrially as schemes for survival by or exploitation of agricultural-metabolics wealth incrementations, that Russia and the U.S.A. bereft of the industrialization would each lose about 100 million population by starvation to

17.60 death within ten years, which is about the scale of devastation that would occur with atomic bombing, not by direct hit, but by the same loss of the industrialization. It was clear to me that it was industrialization (which is an entirely new phase of metabolic organism and nervous system feedback, growth on earth, in extension of man’s integral metabolic and feedback nervous organism) that was entirely responsible for the last century’s extraordinary advance of the physical survival success of man on earth and his fabulous transformation from a local fifty-mile diameter average lifetime ecological domain to a world around and solar system lifetime ecological domain. Man’s memory had grown from a single generation span to a half-million- year industrial relay system range.

17.61 I saw that ignorance, and the inherent, local-experience biases of ignorance, self-persuaded the occupants of the local, political, ephemeral states, first blessed by industrialization, that their special case political preference in regard to the mutually obsolete agricultural era’s socialism and capitalism had been exclusively responsible for the twentieth century burst in human prosperity. I saw that U.S.A.’s pseudo capitalism (for it no longer existed as a prime- industrial enterprise initiative - that function having been taken over by the military defense establishments of all major nations) was convinced that capitalism had blessed the world with industrialization and should therefore prevail around the earth as the most efficient economic wealth propagating system.

17.62 I saw that Russia aspired to bless the world with absolute communism as the consequence of their earnest assumption of the validity of communism seemingly inferred by Russia’s half-century rise from abject poverty and illiteracy to co-supremacy in world military might. Russia of course acquired industrialization, not under communis rule, but under the absolute dictatorship of Stalin who was eager for his side to win and went outside and bought industrialization with gold, fortuitously found in Russia at that time, from idle U.S.A. and western Europe industrial corporations bereft in 1929 of their old capitalist masters. The historical fact is that industrialization, as the external metabolic processing of man, behaves just as the internal metabolic processing of man, from which internal functioning it directly derives, and as with the internal physical organism of Man it serves any color, and any political system, individual, good, bad, wise or mad, with equal metabolic efficiency. Man as brain knows as yet fundament- ally little regarding the complex synergisms manifest at various magnitudes of universal metabolic processes, serviced so effectively with integral and mostly sub-self-conscious, intelligence feedback systems.

17.63 Both major political world “sides” and all secondary political states when entering into the next olympic games will use the same sports equipment or tools–all the pole vaulters will vault much higher than ever before due to the new fibre-glass plastic poles whose increase in strength performance per pound is an industrial intelli- gence metabolic increment. None of the nations may claim that their pole vaulting improvement is a consequence of the superiority either of socialism or capitalism, though I am sure both Pravda and Chicago Tribune will argue editorially that there is a distinct connection.

17.64 Both sides are now prospering by vaulting with industrialization’s integrated tool complexes. Both sides have now been able to vault over the moon with the pole of

17.65 integrated industrialization and with a galaxy of other industrial lever-poles to “pry loose” an increasingly satisfactory physical survival from the invisible principles governing universal evolution.

17.66 It became apparent to me long ago that if the principles of industriali- zation as the external metabolic organisms of man, serviced by an intelligence feed- back system were to be professionally fostered by comprehensive, anticipatory, design scientists as are the internal metabolics and nervous organisms of man fostered comprehensively and anticipatorily by medical science, that we would swiftly emerge from the lethal dilemmas that Man now finds himself besieged with as biases of political ignorance, and Man’s innocence in general, allow him to lunge and push blindly into dan gerous psychological conditions, inflamed by a general world news-drunkenness.

17.67 Quite clearly our U.I.A. ten-year student undertaking will be looked at, if looked at at all, as an innocuous diversion of an inconsequential profession of interior and exterior house and building decorators. This will be all to the good. It will mean that the project will be left alone to do its hard work. That is excellent. It may even receive foundation or even federal, cultural category, support funds to speed it, for the political world is intuitively aware that culture from time to time leads the way unexpectedly over high mountain passes through the artist-scientist’s inherent political transcendentalism. Trim-tabs and miniscule, precessional retro- rockets can maintain altitude courses with low physical effort, if the thinking manifest in tools is comprehensively adequate and uninhibited.

17.68 Faithfully yours,

17.69 R. Buckminster Fuller

Appendix B: Forward Procedure

17.70The main forward procedure for schools participating in the first two year phase of the world architectural schools’ program has been outlined in the proposal to the I.U.A. Executive, by R. Buckminster Fuller.

17.71 Individual schools will obviously develop those particular approaches which are most suitable to their own curricular and other requirements. The World Resources Inventory project at S.I.U. will be pleased to assist in any way with in- formation relative to this report, on the procedures adopted in its compilation – or in any other way which may forward the undertaking. It may be suggested that a monthly compilation of local area data could be sent to the above office. This could then be processed and redistributed to various other operating groups as required. In this way, information not locally available to any one group could be readily obtained.

17.72 A brief outline of the computer program used in processing certain parts of the report data follows in this section. Per capita calculation was used as far as possible in most analyses. The main manual conversion factors used are also listed.

17.73 Postal address of this project:

17.74 World Resources Inventory Southern Illinois University 715A South University Ave. Carbondale, Illinois, USA

17.75 Telephone: 457-2149 Area Code 618

Data Conversion and Per Capitizing Program Report

18.1Electronic computers are designed to respond to special command codes called “machine languages”. These languages are numeric and completely alien to the spoken languages used by man. In communicating with these machines, computing analysts have developed intermediate languages which may be trans- lated by the machines into their own language. Such a language is FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslating) system in which the accompanying program is written.

18.2 First some brief comments about various statements in the program. READ, GO TO,DO, PUNCH, AND END mean exactly what they do in English. A FORMAT statement gives the form in which a statement is to be read or punched on cards. Arithmetical notation is as in normal usage except that * replaces X for multipli- cation. For ease in handling the figures, all data and conversion factors are written in scientific notation of the form 1.0000E+04 for 10,000.

18.3 The program is written for the IBM 1620 computer and utilizes the four sense switches on the console. The program works as follows. First it tells the machine to read the number of tables to be stored (maximum;8). The first table must be the conversion table (see example below). Then the machine is told to read in the tables, each preceeded by the number of entries in the table. Then the machine is told to print out instructions; i.e., which switches to turn on to use each table. Next the machine must read in the raw data cards (see attached example A) and perform the operations listed below. The sequence of operations is shown in the accompanying flow chart.

18.4 1. Check the sense switches to see which tables are to be used.

18.5 2. If switch one is on, the unit code is checked to see if it is alphabetic or numeric.

18.6 3. If the code is alphabetic this means the data is already in metric units and the computer picks out the correct population figure and per capitizes the data.

18.7 4. If the unit code is numeric, the computer reads the code, picks out the corresponding conversion factor and converts the data to metric units and does the per capitization.

18.8 5. The computer then punches the data out on the final data card. (see attached example B).

18.9 These final data cards were used experimentally in another program to provide a graphic representation of the per capitized data (see example C). However this program is still in the experimental stage and has not been included in this report.

18.10 DATA CONVERSION AND PER CAPITIZING PROGRAM FLOW CHART.

18.11 BEGIN READ TABLE 1 (UNIT CONVERSION) READ PER CAP-ITIZING TABLES PRINT INSTRUCTIONS READ DATA CARD PERFORM REQUIRED OPERATIONS PUNCH REQUIRED INFORMATION IS DATA FOR YEAR 1962? NO YES

18.12 CONVERSION FACTORS Table One in plain language.

18.13 0 NUMBER 1.0000E+00 NUMBER O 1 MILES 1.6090E+00 KILOMETERS A 2 FEET 3.0180E-04 KILOMETERS A 3 POUNDS 4.5350E-04 METRIC TONS C 4 OUNCES 2.8340E-05 METRIC TONS C 5 SHORT TONS 9.0720E-01 METRIC TONS C 6 BTUS 2.9280E-04 KILOWATT-HOURS D 7 HORSEPOWER 7.4570E-01 KILOWATTS* E 8 BARRELS (CEMENT) 1.7050E-01 METRIC TONS C 9 CUBIC FEET 2.8320E-02 CUBIC METERS G 10 FOOT-POUNDS 3.7660E-07 KILOWATT-HOURS D 11 LONG TONS 1.0160E+00 METRIC TONS C 12 ACRES 4.0460E-03 SQ. KILOMETERS H 13 U.S. GALLONS 3.7850E-03 KILOLITERS F 14 IMP. GALLONS 4.5460E-03 KILOLITERS F 15 SQUARE MILES 2.5890E+00 SQ. KILOMETERS H 16 WHEAT BUSHELS 2.5720E-02 METRIC TONS C 17 FINE OUNCES 3.2150E-05 METRIC TONS C 18 U.S. BALES 2.2680E-01 METRIC TONS C 19 BARRELS (OIL) 1.5890E-01 KILOLITERS F

18.14 EXAMPLE “A"

18.15 A+19625.7400E+0715E X100 1 SUBJECT / YEAR / DATA / UNITS / POSITION / PLACE / SOURCE / REF. / PAGE

18.16 EXAMPLE “B"

18.17 A XE 1962 5.7400E+0715 1.4860E+08 4.7707E-02 H MAN100 1 0 SUBJECT / PLACE / position in cycle / YEAR / ORIGINAL DATA / ORIGI. UNITS / PROCESSED DATA / PER (CAPITA) DATA / NEW UNITS / PER WHAT / SOURCE / REFERENCE / PAGE

18.18 *position in cycle - production, consumption, etc.

18.19 LU=IB(I,K) X=XD*XP(I,K) GO TO 18 17 J=1 GO TO 89 18 J=2 GO TO 89 22 J=0 X=XD 89 IF(SENSE SWITCH2)23,24 23 IF(SENSE SWITCH3)25,26 25 IF(SENSE SWITCH4)27,28 24 IF(SENSE SWITCH3)29,40 29 IF(SENSE SWITCH4)41,42 26 IF(SENSE SWITCH4)43,44 40 IF(SENSE SWITCH4)45,46 46 IF(J-2)203,204,204 203 PUNCH39,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,X,X,IU1,IU2,IS,IR,IP GO TO 300 204 PUNCH309,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,X,X,LU,IS,IR,IP GO TO 300 44 I=2 GO TO 99 42 I=3 GO TO 99 45 I=4 GO TO 99 28 I=5 GO TO 99 41 I=6 GO TO 99 43 I=7 GO TO 99 27 I=8 GO TO 99 99 K=IYR-1849 XF=X/XP(I,K) IF(J-2)34,35,35 34 PUNCH36,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,X,XF,IU1,IU2,IB(I,K),IS,IR,IP GO TO 300 35 PUNCH37,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,X,XF,LU,IB(I,K),IS,IR,IP 36 FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5,1PE11.4,A1,A1,1PE11.4,1PE11.4,A1,A1,A5,I3 361,I3,I4) 37 FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5,1PE11.4,A1,A1,1PE11.4,1PE11.4,A2,A5,I3,I3 371,I4) 309 FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5,1PE11.4,A1,A1,1PE11.4,1PE11.4,A2,5X,I3,I3 3091,I4) 39 FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5,1PE11.4,A1,A1,1PE11.4,1PE11.4,A1,A1,5X,I3 391,I3,I4) 31 FORMAT(I3) 32 FORMAT(6X,A5,30X,E11.4) 33 FORMAT(A5,I5,E10.4,A1,A1,A1,A5,I3,1X,I3,1X,I4) 300 IF(IYR-1962)88,77,88 77 PUNCH80 80 FORMAT(80X) PUNCH81,ISUB 81 FORMAT(A5) PUNCH82 82 FORMAT(12HSUBJECT CODE,5X,5HPLACE,9X,8HRAW DATA,4X,20HCONVERTED PE 821R CAPITA,7X,6HSOURCE) PUNCH83 83 FORMAT(24X,4HYEAR,11X,2HUN,7X,4HDATA,6X,7HDATA UN,6X,9HREFERENCE) PUNCH84 84 FORMAT (39X,2HIT,22X,2HIT,2X,3HPER,6X,4HPAGE) GO TO 59 END

18.20 EXAMPLE C SAMPLE OUTPUT OF EXPERIMENTAL GRAPHING PROGRAM. WORLD AREA SQUARE KILOMETERS PER CAPITA

18.21 DATA CONVERSION AND PER CAPITIZING PROGRAM.

18.22 *1010 DIMENSIONIB(8,113),XP(8,113) READ 30,N 30 FORMAT(I2) READ 31,MM I=1 DO 7 K=1,MM 7 READ 48,IB(I,K),XP(I,K) 48 FORMAT(9X,A2,30X,E11.4) DO 3 I=2,N READ 31,MMM DO 3 K=1,MMM 3 READ32,IB(I,K),XP(I,K) PRINT 60 60 FORMAT(33HTURN ON SW. 1 FOR TABLE 1 (UNITS)) PRINT 61 61 FORMAT(25HTURN ON SW. 2 FOR TABLE 2) PRINT 62 62 FORMAT(25HTURN ON SW. 3 FOR TABLE 3) PRINT 63 63 FORMAT(25HTURN ON SW. 4 FOR TABLE 4) PRINT 64 64 FORMAT(28HTURN ON SWS. 2,3 FOR TABLE 5) PRINT 65 65 FORMAT(28HTURN ON SWS. 3,4 FOR TABLE 6) PRINT 66 66 FORMAT(28HTURN ON SWS. 2,4 FOR TABLE 7) PRINT 67 67 FORMAT(30HTURN ON SWS. 2,3,4 FOR TABLE 8) PRINT 68 68 FORMAT(39HTO USE ONLY TABLE 1, TURN ON ONLY SW. 1) PRINT 69 69 FORMAT(40HAFTER TABLE CHOICES ARE MADE PRESS START) PAUSE IYRI=1849 GO TO 88 59 IYRI=1849 PRINT 707 707 FORMAT(74HSW.1=T-1, SW.2=T-2, SW.3=T-3, SW.4=T-4, SW.2,3=T-5, SW.3 7071,4=T-6, SW.2,4=T-7) PRINT777 777 FORMAT(36HSW.2,3,4=T-8. CHOOSE AND PRESS START) PAUSE 88 READ33,ISUB,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,IPOS,IPL,IS,IR,IP IF((IYR-IYRI)-1)101,101,102 102 L=IYRI+1 LH=IYR-1 DO103 IY=L,LH 103 PUNCH38,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IY 38 FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5) 101 CONTINUE IYRI=IYR IF(SENSE SWITCH1)21,22 21 I=1 IF(IU2-7000000000)4,5,5 4 X=XD GO TO 17 5 IF(IU1)8,9,8 9 IF(IU2)12,11,12 12 K=IU2/100000000-70 GO TO 13 11 K=0 GO TO 13 8 K=(IU1/100000000-70)*10+IU2/100000000-70 13 K=K+1 LU=IB(I,K) X=XD*XP(I,K) GO TO 18 17 J=1 GO TO 89 18 J=2 GO TO 89 22 J=0 X=XD 89 IF(SENSE SWITCH2)23,24 23 IF(SENSE SWITCH3)25,26 25 IF(SENSE SWITCH4)27,28 24 IF(SENSE SWITCH3)29,40 29 IF(SENSE SWITCH4)41,42 26 IF(SENSE SWITCH4)43,44 40 IF(SENSE SWITCH4)45,46 46 IF(J-2)203,204,204 203 PUNCH39,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,X,X,IU1,IU2,IS,IR,IP GO TO 300 204 PUNCH309,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,X,X,LU,IS,IR,IP GO TO 300 44 I=2 GO TO 99 42 I=3 GO TO 99 45 I=4 GO TO 99 28 I=5 GO TO 99 41 I=6 GO TO 99 43 I=7 GO TO 99 27 I=8 GO TO 99 99 K=IYR-1849 XF=X/XP(I,K) IF(J-2)34,35,35 34 PUNCH36,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,X,XF,IU1,IU2,IB(I,K),IS,IR,IP GO TO 300 35 PUNCH37,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,X,XF,LU,IB(I,K),IS,IR,IP 36 FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5,1PE11.4,A1,A1,1PE11.4,1PE11.4,A1,A1,A5,I3 361,I3,I4) 37 FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5,1PE11.4,A1,A1,1PE11.4,1PE11.4,A2,A5,I3,I3 371,I4) 309 FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5,1PE11.4,A1,A1,1PE11.4,1PE11.4,A2,5X,I3,I3 3091,I4) 39 FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5,1PE11.4,A1,A1,1PE11.4,1PE11.4,A1,A1,5X,I3 391,I3,I4) 31 FORMAT(I3) 32 FORMAT(6X,A5,30X,E11.4) 33 FORMAT(A5,I5,E10.4,A1,A1,A1,A5,I3,1X,I3,1X,I4) 300 IF(IYR-1962)88,77,88 77 PUNCH80 80 FORMAT(80X) PUNCH81,ISUB 81 FORMAT(A5) PUNCH82 82 FORMAT(12HSUBJECT CODE,5X,5HPLACE,9X,8HRAW DATA,4X,20HCONVERTED PE 821R CAPITA,7X,6HSOURCE) PUNCH83 83 FORMAT(24X,4HYEAR,11X,2HUN,7X,4HDATA,6X,7HDATA UN,6X,9HREFERENCE) PUNCH84 84 FORMAT (39X,2HIT,22X,2HIT,2X,3HPER,6X,4HPAGE) GO TO 59 END

18.23 DATA CONVERSION AND PER CAPITIZING PROGRAM.

*1010
        DIMENSIONIB(8,113),XP(8,113)
        READ 30,N
30      FORMAT(I2)
        READ 31,MM
        I=1
        DO 7 K=1,MM
7       READ 48,IB(I,K),XP(I,K)
48      FORMAT(9X,A2,30X,E11.4)
        DO 3 I=2,N
        READ 31,MMM
        DO 3 K=1,MMM
3       READ32,IB(I,K),XP(I,K)
        PRINT 60
60      FORMAT(33HTURN ON SW. 1 FOR TABLE 1 (UNITS))
        PRINT 61
61      FORMAT(25HTURN ON SW. 2 FOR TABLE 2)
        PRINT 62
62      FORMAT(25HTURN ON SW. 3 FOR TABLE 3)
        PRINT 63
63      FORMAT(25HTURN ON SW. 4 FOR TABLE 4)
        PRINT 64
64      FORMAT(28HTURN ON SWS. 2,3 FOR TABLE 5)
        PRINT 65
65      FORMAT(28HTURN ON SWS. 3,4 FOR TABLE 6)
        PRINT 66
66      FORMAT(28HTURN ON SWS. 2,4 FOR TABLE 7)
        PRINT 67
67      FORMAT(30HTURN ON SWS. 2,3,4 FOR TABLE 8)
                                                                                  

                                                                                  
        PRINT 68
68      FORMAT(39HTO USE ONLY TABLE 1, TURN ON ONLY SW. 1)
        PRINT 69
69      FORMAT(40HAFTER TABLE CHOICES ARE MADE PRESS START)
        PAUSE
        IYRI=1849
        GO TO 88
59      IYRI=1849
        PRINT 707
707     FORMAT(74HSW.1=T-1, SW.2=T-2, SW.3=T-3, SW.4=T-4, SW.2,3=T-5, SW.3
7071    ,4=T-6, SW.2,4=T-7)
        PRINT777
777     FORMAT(36HSW.2,3,4=T-8. CHOOSE AND PRESS START)
        PAUSE
88      READ33,ISUB,IYR,XD,IU1,IU2,IPOS,IPL,IS,IR,IP
        IF((IYR-IYRI)-1)101,101,102
102     L=IYRI+1
        LH=IYR-1
        DO103 IY=L,LH
103     PUNCH38,ISUB,IPL,IPOS,IY
38      FORMAT(6X,A5,6X,A5,A1,I5)
101     CONTINUE
        IYRI=IYR
        IF(SENSE SWITCH1)21,22
21      I=1
        IF(IU2-7000000000)4,5,5
4       X=XD
        GO TO 17
5       IF(IU1)8,9,8
9       IF(IU2)12,11,12
12      K=IU2/100000000-70
        GO TO 13
11      K=0
        GO TO 13
                                                                                  

                                                                                  
8       K=(IU1/100000000-70)*10+IU2/100000000-70

MANUAL CONVERSION TABLE

MULTIPLY	BY	TO OBTAIN
British thermal units	778.2	Foot-pounds
Btu. per minute	1.758 x 10^-2	Kilowatts
Foot-pounds per sec.	1.818 x 10^-3	Horse-power
Horse-power	42.41	Btu. per min.
Horse-power	00.7457	Kilowatts
(The following relationships were used in energy calculations)
Radio or TV set (50 lb. ave.)	1.8662 x 10^-3	Metric tons
Ton-kilometer	3.1964 x 10^-4	Metric ton eq. of coal
Passenger-kilometer*	6.0272 x 10^-2	Ton-kilometer
1 metric ton coal (energy)	23.75	Energy slaves
Ton-miles	.6213	Ton-kilometer
1 ton coal equivalent	2.88 x 10⁷	British thermal units
1 kilowatt-hour	.600	1 ton of coal eq.
1 sq. meter of rayon and acetate fabric	1.24 x 10^-4	Metric tons
1 sq. meter of woven wool	3.1015 x 10²	Metric tons

19.1*One passenger taken to be 150 pounds.

19.2

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

British thermal unit (Btu.)

Heat energy required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

Calorie

Heat energy required to raise one gram of water one degree Centigrade.

Energy slave

Inanimate energy source capable of producing the same amount of work as a man; 150,000 foot-pounds per 8-hour day, 250 days per year.

Foot-pound

Work required to lift one pound one foot.

Horse-power

33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute.

Kilogram calorie

(the great calorie) equal to one thousand calories, amount of heat energy required to raise one kilogram of water one degree Centigrade.

Kilowatt-hour

1.34 horsepower-hours; unit of work or energy.

Metric ton of coal equivalent

Energy produced by one average metric ton of coal; equal to 28.8 million Btus.

Passenger-kilometer

Work required to move one 150 pound person one kilometer.

Ton-kilometer

Work required to move one ton one kilometer.

4 World Resources, Human Trends and Needs