3 Historical Blast Off into the Space Age of Man

3   Historical Blast Off into the Space Age of Man

4.1Chart A

4.2 THE 160 YR. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AS ARTICULATED IN THE U.S. OF AMERICA

4.3 The United States of America’s population constitutes the most advanced degree of ethnic cross-breeding of man. In Chart A we witness the United States economy not as that of a unique sovereign nation, but as that of the economic conditions signalling mankind’s blast-off into world around orbit and astro exploration. Here we witness the acceleration of man’s ecological sweep-out from that of an individual man’s life long average total motion of thirty thousand miles, a distance which characterized the total to-and-fro motion of all the generations of man up to the dawn of the twentieth century, now converted in 80 years to an average lifetime sweep-out of three million miles for America’s most motionful types closely followed by average Americans and world man with this acceleration continuing to accelerate as we obviously enter into an utterly new magnitude of man’s ecological patterning in universe.

4.4 Curve #1 shows the wholesale price of copper expressed in gold, valued at $35 per ounce, from 1800 to 1960. This line is an overall descending line, despite dramatic fluctuation pinnacles at the beginning of the 19th century brought about by the American Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars and again in the 1860’s brought about by world civil wars, in turn occasioned by the fundamental shift from an agricultural to an industrial world economic domination. The third fluctuation pinnacle is that of World War I. The 4th pinnacle occurs in World War II. A fifth pinnacle was occasioned by the switch from world finance capitalism to military capitalism and the latter’s arbitrary price fixing and metals stock piling for an assumed World War Three. This copper price curve clearly demonstrates the momentary inflationary detourings from the overall economic evolution which latter continually produces more goods and services for more people for less and less physical cost per capita.

4.5 Despite phenomenal increase in man’s accelerated motion, velocity, frequency and distance of communication we find, at the same time, as curves 3 & 4 disclose, so rapid an increase in the performance per pound or kilowatt invested per given function that the amount of copper, per capita, (curve 4) in the United States has decreased constantly in the last 30 years, from 180 pounds per capita to 130 pounds per capita and probably will continue to do so until it levels at 100 pounds of copper in use per each world human.

4.6 While the energy consumption per capita (curve 3) peaked in 1945, it has fallen off markedly (for an energy saving in gas, electricity, oil, etc. equivalent to the energy of 2 tons of coal per capita per year for every American) despite a vast increase in the realized motion, communication and manufacturing rates, home airconditioning, clothes-washing and dishwashing machines, etc., occurring simultaneously as is seen in curve 10 which shows an almost vertical rise in the rate of electrical apparatus production.

4.7 Curves 7, 12 & 14 all relate to passenger miles per capita per annum. Curve 7 is the railroad passenger miles per capita per annum. Having risen steadily for 50 years from its mid nineteenth century beginnings, U.S.A. per capita, per annum railroad passenger miles peaked in 1917 at which time automobile passenger miles per capita,

4.8 111

4.9 per annum, (curve 12) had risen in a decade to equal the railroad travel. The automobile passenger miles increased steadily thereafter while railroad passenger miles declined until the depression of 1929 temporarily decreased the automobile travel for two years and again when gasoline rationing of World War II reduced the automobile travel temporarily whereafter it gains swiftly to the present moment. Meanwhile the railroad passenger miles fell off swiftly until the mobilization of World War II and the automobile gas rationing when because of vast troop movements the railroad miles again rose temporarily to equal the automobile travel. Since 1945 the railroad passenger miles have fallen off again to their alltime low since 1883 and are now exceeded by the continental U.S.A. domestic passenger miles per capita per annum air travel (curve 14) which had its "big business" debut only thirty years ago during the "depression’s" depth. If we were to include the passenger miles per capita per annum air travel outside the United States’ continental borders, by U.S. citizens only it will be seen that the U.S. citizenry’s total annual foreign air mileage will soon exceed the 4000 miles per year average domestic travel of every one of America’s 180 million citizens. Clearly, U.S.A.’s crossbred citizenry annual motion pattern is exploding ecologically from that of a locally tethered man to that of freely flying world man.

4.10 112

4.11 CHARTS IN THIS SECTION FOLLOW AS LISTED BELOW

4.12 Chart A-1: Curves 1. U. S. Copper in terms of U.S. Gold $35 per oz. Scale - 5ć per lb. per inch current price.

4.13 2. Population of U.S. Scale - 18,000,000 per inch.

4.14 Chart A-2: Curves 3. Consumption of Energy in Equivalent Tons of coal per capita per annum. Scale - 1 ton per inch.

4.15 9. Barrels of Petroleum per capita per annum in U.S. Scale - 2 barrels per inch.

4.16 11. Annual Electric Power Production Scale - 80 billion kwh per inch.

4.17 Chart A-3: Curves 4. Pounds of Copper distributed in U.S. per capita Scale-20 lbs. per inch.

4.18 10. Annual Electric Equipment Production Scale - 1,500 million dollars per inch.

4.19 Chart A-4: Curves 7. Railroad Passenger Miles per capita per annum Scale - 200 miles per inch.

4.20 12. Auto Passenger Miles per capita per annum in U.S. Scale - 500 miles per inch.

4.21 13. Airway mileage (revenue) Scale 200 million miles per inch.

4.22 14. Air Passenger miles per capita per annum in U.S. Scale 200 miles per inch.

4.23 Chart A-5: Curves 5. Telegraph Wire Mileage Scale - 500,000 miles per inch

4.24 6. Miles of Railroad Track Scale - 125,000 miles per inch

4.25 8. Miles of surfaced auto roadway Scale - 250,000 miles per inch.

4.26 113

4.27 Chart A-1

4.28 U.S. COPPER IN TERMS OF U.S. GOLD $35 PER OUNCE SCALE 15ć per lb. per inch current price

4.29 POPULATION OF U.S. SCALE - 18,000,000 per inch

4.30 1890 1900 10 20 30 40 50 1965 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4.31 Chart A-2

4.32 CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IN EQUIVALENT TONS OF COAL PER CAPITA PER ANNUM. SCALE - One ton per inch

4.33 BARRELS OF PETROLEUM PER CAPITA PER ANNUM IN U.S. SCALE - 2 barrels per inch

4.34 ANNUAL ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION SCALE - 80 billion K.W.H. per inch

4.35 1830 40 50 60 70 80 1890

4.36 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1900 1910 1920 30 40 50 60 1970

4.37 Chart A-3

4.38 POUNDS OF COPPER DISTRIBUTED IN U.S. PER CAPITA SCALE - 20 lb. per inch

4.39 ANNUAL ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION SCALE - 1,500 million dollars per inch

4.40 1830 1840 50 60 70 1880 1890

4.41 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 1970 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4.42 Chart A-4

4.43 RAILROAD PASSENGER MILES PER CAPITA PER ANNUM SCALE - 200 miles per inch

4.44 AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER MILES PER CAPITA PER ANNUM IN U.S. SCALE - 550 miles per inch

4.45 AIRWAY MILEAGE (REVENUE) SCALE - 200,000,000 miles per inch

4.46 AIR PASSENGER MILES PER CAPITA PER ANNUM IN U.S. SCALE - 200 miles per inch

4.47 1830 40 50 60 70 80 1890

4.48 1900 10 20 30 40 50 1960 1970 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

4.49 Chart A-5

4.50 TELEGRAPH WIRE MILEAGE Scale = 500,000 miles per inch

4.51 MILES OF RAILROAD TRACK Scale = 125,000 miles per inch

4.52 MILES OF SURFACE AUTO ROADWAY Scale = 250,000 miles per inch

4.53 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890

4.54 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 1970 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

4.55 Chart B

4.56 AUTOMATION PERMITS GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH

4.57 Chart B discloses the ten-year decline in cost per pound in automobiles and dollars per horsepower between 1925 and 1935. These reductions in the cost of living and of tools were a direct result of increased efficiency in scientific design of societies’ tools as is clearly shown by the fact that the decline in price for the decade 1925-35 was entirely unaffected by either the colossal boom of 1925-29 or the historic depression of 1929-35. It is also clearly indicated by Chart B that the 1925 to 1935 curve in the reduction of fundamental costs marks the beginning of the economic effects of automation. The post World War One automation brought about great unemployment both on the farm and in the factory which in turn curtailed purchasing power and caused the general cessation in all business by 1933. The three fundamental "cost" lines level off from 1933 to 1942 as the New Deal put both ceilings and floors on all price rises or declines while enormously increasing employment by vast government underwritten or guaranteed project initiations. It can be said that the New Deal began thus to distribute the wealth being generated by automation’s increased efficiency by spreading and expanding the purchasing capability of society through the invention of "jobs". World War II emergency conditions began to strain and sometimes break the price controls. High employment of war time meant wide increase in purchasing power which was however temporarily dammed-up for the duration of the war by priorities and price controls. The controls broke down progressively after 1945 and "costs" seemingly "shoot-up". However as Chart A shows, the regenerative efficiency gains in higher performance per pound in machinery and per unit of energy to run the machinery is continually operating therefore the seeming increase in cost of living and cost per pound of automobiles represents in fact two new developments. The first is the complex improvement and inclusion of new functions in both "living" and "automobiles". The relative performance per pound of the 1963 automobile is many fold that of the 1925 automobile. The second development was the intrusion into both the cost of living and the pounds per automobile (and every other manufactured product) of an enormous distribution of purchasing power through generalized employment added fortuitously, arbitrarily and deceptively to fundamental production costs. It was recognized that we cannot have the economic efficiency of mass production without the concomitant mass consumption. The expanded purchasing capability of the mass consumer essential to the health of industrialization thereby provided has brought about an artificial and highly deceptive "inflation." It is deceptive because it hides the fact that United States has instituted necessary wealth distribution, ergo buying power, but through arbitrary invention of jobs (and physically unnecessary) employment despite which the automation continues to generate sufficiently increased wealth to permit the luxury of false inflation without apparent harm to the economy. Inflation used to mean an increase in cost without increase in value. Todays cost increases have far greater, but indirect value increases. In evidence of the latter statement the dollars per horsepower remain steady despite seeming inflation because automation and science have continued to increase the performance per pounds and kilowatts rapidly enough to offset the inflation generated in the general cost of living. If there had not been the arbitrary inflation the dollars per horsepower as well as the cost of living and cost per pound of automobiles and all other products of a given standard would have fallen even more rapidly than they did between 1925 and 1935. In substantiation of the above conclusions it is to be noted again that the smooth decline of costs of living, horsepower and pounds of automobile went nonswervingly through the peak boom of the nineteen-twenties and the subsequent "crash" as though those periods had not existed.

4.58 119

4.59 Chart B

4.60 The economic facts shown by these charts are the industrial production technology, which reduced the manufacturing cost per pound of an automobile by Henry Ford in 1925 to 10 cents, (to which was added 12 cents a pound for the sale and distribution of the car, for a total of 22 cents per retail pound for "Fords") has been improved upon, as of 1963, several hundred fold (not to speak of the improved performance per pound of the automobiles, itself) wherefore the comparable production cost under today’s technical conditions would mean a manufactured and distributed retail sales price of 7 cents per pound instead of the 22 cents per pound of 1925, or of 75 cents per pound shown on the chart as of 1963. The last thirty-eight years’ thousand percent mark-up in the price per pound of the automobile represents the arbitrary distribution of purchasing power to American industrial society through adding onto basic production costs of the cost of increased dividends, wages, and taxes, to cover government engineered purchasing power expansion, all added into the cost per pound of product and cost per hour of services to keep the industrial system going. We can state it as an economic law that: Without mass consumption there can be no mass production; without mass distribution of wealth there can be no mass consumption. This chart shows clearly that a completely new accounting system is necessary for world society, one that can be clearly read in detail and fundamental logic by any literate human.

4.61 The Old World before 1914 was run by the commerce of the sea. The commerce was run by the pirates. The top pirate was "the law". The top pirates were the honored masters, the lesser pirates were outlaws. All pirates hid their prime wealth. Finance capitalism which followed piracy by taking the wealth from the pirates also carefully hid its wealth in complex accounting systems. The post World War I United States abhorring Socialism but inheriting capitalisms accounting system hid the distribution of wealth in false inflation lest that distribution be called socialism. Socialism is a way of organizing economic production inadequacy so that sacrifices and want are shared equally by all, Socialism is a moral way of sharing failure. Because automation can provide more than enough for all humanity socialism is now obsolete. What is now necessary is world accounting system that permits man to boldly account his physical success and abundance accomplished through the artist-scientist-inventor’s technology and industry and entirely transcendentally to political theories. This "accounting" system must be a world embracing system that treats every man’s life hours as of equal value, when employed only as muscle and reflex machines, and differentiates and accredits for priority advantage the value to society only of the commonwealth multiplying conceptual contributions which effectively accelerate the regeneration and amplification of man’s physical and intellectual advantages in universe and his enjoyment of life.

4.62 CHARTS IN THIS SECTION FOLLOW AS LISTED BELOW

4.63 Chart B: Curves 1. Urban Cost of Living 2. Cents per lb. of auto 3. Dollars per horsepower

4.64 120

4.65 CHART B 121

4.66 Chart B

4.67 URBAN COST OF LIVING (1953=100) 106 Index

4.68 CENTS PER LB. OF AUTO (57ć)

4.69 DOLLARS PER HORSE POWER ($12)

4.70 INDEX DOLLARS CENTS 100 36 90 30 40 80 24 70 18 30 60 12 50 6 40 0 20

4.71 1925 1930

4.72 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965

4.73

4.74 Chart C

4.75 THE VELOCITY OF THE AMERICAN FAMILIES’ ACQUISITION OF THE MECHANICAL EXTENSIONS OF ITS APPREHENDING FACULTIES AND PHYSICAL CAPABILITIES TO FAVORABLY ALTER THE MAGNITUDE OF THE HISTORICAL SWEEPOUT AND PENETRATION OF HUMAN ECOLOGY IN UNIVERSE

4.76 In 1810, a generation after the American Revolution, a small percentage of the million families of the United States owned human slaves. But the United States as a unit economy possessed one million human slaves, –that is to say – an average of one slave per each of its one million total families.

4.77 Chart C is the history of the human family’s personal acquisition of newly invested physical equipment in the United States since the time of its first population census in 1790 and first economic census in 1810. The successful battle waged consciously and unconsciously by the individual design scientists and inventors to displace human slavery and drudgery by an inanimate mechanical energy slave population 300 for one, is clearly demonstrated. It is seen here that the human slaves, who were rated in the 1810 economic census as more valuable than the homestead buildings and furnishings became fundamentally obsolete as an energy-to-work converting machine with the invention of the dynamo and production steel in 1860 – ergo – the war to emancipate the human slaves politically was a political accessory after the fact of techno-physical emancipation. The political emancipation now lags a century behind. The machinery to produce one inanimate horsepower now costs $12 vs. $120 for a good live horse. The machinery to produce an inanimate one manpower costs only a few pennies. In the course of 150 years of industrial revolution the cost of feeding and keeping the living horse or the human slave to do 8 hours physical work has proven to be thirty-seven to one hundred times more expensive today than feeding the inanimate machines to do the same amount of work. The increased velocity at which technical apparatus has been acquired by the U.S.A. "family" is also clearly demonstrated. For instance, the rate at which telephones increased in use in America until the depression of 1929 is clearly shown, at which time they had reached a number almost equal to one per each American family. In 1949, immediately following World War II, we reached one telephone per family. Since 1929 the numbers of telephones have come to greatly exceed one per family with no deceleration in the new rate of increase. Automobiles in use crossed the one per family line in 1922. World War II brought about the arbitrary cessation of automobile production at which time the number of cars dropped well below one per family and group-riding to work was resorted to. In 1948, immediately after World War II, the numbers of cars again exceeded one per family and have since been increasing per family at an unabated rate.

4.78 Generally speaking, Chart C demonstrates the increasing velocity at which the American family acquired its new tools. The almost vertical ascent from none to one per family demonstrates the rate at which the industrial world can completely alter its environment controlling devices overnight. Those who think that the coming revolution in education of the whole world may take a long time should take note of the overnight acquisition of television sets by the U.S. families – the humbler the dwellings - the more prominent the T.V. antenna, is the scene around the world.

4.79 122

4.80 Chart C

4.81 Chart C also demonstrates to the world architectural students the velocity with which design science can render total man a physical success on earth. The effectiveness of design science which specifically reforms the physical environment rather than attempting to reform man or man’s spontaneous untooled behavior patterns by political means alone. The design science way is a way unopen to political theory or expediency.

4.82 CHARTS IN THIS SECTION FOLLOW AS LISTED BELOW

4.83 Chart C: Curves 1. Family Population of U.S. Scale a) 5 persons per family Scale b) 3.6 persons per family (Overall scale - 8 million per inch)

4.84 2. Single Family Dwellings

4.85 3. Telephones in Use

4.86 4. Autos in Use

4.87 5. Radios in Use

4.88 6. Electric Refrigerators

4.89 7. Television Sets in the Home

4.90 123

4.91 CHART C 124

4.92 Chart C

4.93 Scale = 8 m

4.94 FAMILY P SINGLE FA TELEPHO AUTOS IN RADIOS IN ELECTRIC TELEVISIO

4.95 1790 1800 10

4.96 lion per inch

4.97 PULATION OF U.S. (5 persons per family)

4.98 MILY DWELLINGS

4.99 ES IN USE

4.100 SE

4.101 USE

4.102 REFRIGERATORS

4.103 N SETS IN THE HOME

4.104 (3.6 persons per family)

4.105 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4.106 Chart D

4.107 COPPER THE ENERGY HIGHWAY OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

4.108 Economic Panorama of the First Century of Industrialization – 1862-1962 World’s and U.S.A. Copper Production and Consumption

4.109 Copper has been and continues to be the prime accessory in man’s historical harnessing and distribution of universal energies to do an increasing number of physical tasks for man. As man alters his economic patterning on earth he transforms his fate from that of a million year locally imprisoned, inbreeding, economic slave to an over- night mobilized, cross breeding, world encircling and universe exploring economic success.

4.110 Copper’s efficiency in the conduction of electricity is second only to that of gold and silver. Gold and silver are too scarce – ergo too expensive to be used for the prime conduction. Gold and silver are used to solder delicate connections. Copper is plentiful enough to be functionally used yet scarce enough to impose a constant application of high- est technical efficiency in order that its functional capabilities may be enjoyed at a general profit. The history of man’s production, consumption, use and regenerative reuse of copper constitutes the most sensitive, inclusive, wholesale and fundamental barometer of world industrial development and the latter’s realistic emancipation of humans from at least a million years of privation, disease, starvation, premature death or slavery.

4.111 Due to the invention of ’floatation’ and ’electrolytic refining’ of copper and the vast copper requirements of history’s First World War, in the one year 1917 alone, man took from the earth, smeltered, refined, manufactured, distributed and employed more copper than he had taken from the earth sum totally, during the whole million year history of men before him and continued in ensuing years at this new magnitude; therefore, though fascinating in ancient events, world copper history is enacted primarily in the twentieth century and not in the bronze age and the world copper history in relation to industrialization prior to the twentieth century is essentially miniscule. Only the second half of the first Industrial Century of 1862 - 1962 is of significance to our prognosticating, i.e., 1912 - 1962.

4.112 Copper made possible the bronze age and the first epochal transition of man from his stone age. The graduation from the stone age occurs as man using his brain crushed the stone and leached and smelted it and thus differentiated out its theretofor invisible fundamental structural, metallic components and reassembled those structural components into unprecedentedly higher performance, chemical structure alloys. By providing non- rusting high tensile metallic fasteners copper made possible man’s fashioning of the first major cargo carrying, ocean-going, wooden framed and skinned vessels. Copper thereby initiated world commerce, and the industrial integration of around the world occurring high performance metals. In due course man found that he could substitute ferrous metals for the ribs and skins of the vessels which lasted long enough when painted to hold their ships together and the far more expensive and scarce copper was melted out of the ship fastenings and accessories and reshaped into new industrial equipment essential to the inauguration of railroading where early, uncontrolled rusting would have jeopardized the new high speed high tonnage enterprise. In due course railroad engineering substitutions were found for the expensive copper and copper alloy components which were melted out of the railroad inventory and were reemployed together with additional new copper taken from the mines to tool up the dynamos, electric motors and electrical conductors

4.113 125

4.114 Chart D

4.115 which ushered in the new electrical era of industrialization. History witnesses copper continually implementing more important frontier undertakings of technology and industry as an "industrial era self-starter." Copper was thereafter continually melted out of one function and reemployed in another new one. Less than 15% of all the copper that has been mined by man in all his million year history has gone out of circulation and 14 of the 15% lies in well known geographical concentration in ships and cargos on the bottom of the sea from which it will soon be recovered so that 99% of all the copper mined by man will be continued in industrial recirculation, constantly upping the performance of new phases of industry and gradually being replaced after the industrial kick-offs to permit copper to continue in as yet unknown roles as the industrial frontiers-opening metal. Most recently copper is trending into smaller and smaller integral components each of lesser weight and into low percentage alloying functions as 3% copper in aluminum alloys, etc., ergo copper is trending to invisible functions.

4.116 As will be discovered by comparing new copper production peaks and copper scrap peaks there is an average 22 year lag in the total turn over of copper from one function to another. Up to 1917 the production of new copper taken from the ground was all that man kept account of. He thought of metals as being invested in buildings and machinery which would eventually go to the scrap heap down a one-way streeed dead-ending in oxide powder oblivion. Because man had taken so much copper from the ground in 1917 and because there is only a 22 year lag before the copper comes back, as Chart D will show, in 1939 the old scrap from 1917’s epochal production, followed by equal magnitude productions throughout World War I, burst upon the United States market like a flood (as I had fortunately predicted it would three years earlier to an incredulous and uninterested copper industry). As a consequence, in 1939, the U.S. and world copper cartel, in order to hold its price-line dumped the scrap excesses into Germany and Japan during 1939 to 1941 where it was reemployed to tool up the German and Japanese military offenses against the U.S.A. and the latter’s world allies. Copper scrap appearing in the U.S.A. is now primarily exported in the post World War II years. The remaining unexported copper scrap recirculation in the U.S.A., which includes intra-mural recirculation within major industries such as electrical manufacturing, now exceeds U.S. annual consumption of newly mined copper.

4.117 This same excess of scrap commerce over new metal activity also characterizes steel making. 65% of all U.S.A. steel is now made from scrap. The fact that scrap is the prime metals resource of industrialization and will become increasingly dominant means that the monopoly ownership of mines and other natural unworked raw physical resources no longer controls fundamental undertakings of world industry. It also breaks down natural national resource deficiency and excess monopolies or disadvantages formerly governing world and political economic evolution. Further realization that scrap recirculation of the metals is to be from now on the prime source of the world’s metals will also continuingly decrease the local geographical premiums on so called REAL estate. Special localities will have decreasing economic monopolies. The U.S.A. has approximately no tin ore resource and never has had workable tin ore. England was opened up by the Phoenicians and later colonized by the Romans due to its prodigious tin resources. Today England has mined out its tin and the U.S.A.’s tin scrap resource makes the U.S.A. a leading world tin resource nation as well as the world’s major tin user.

4.118 126

4.119 Chart D

4.120 Decrease in the significance of the world’s dwindling below earth level ore reserves will bring about increasing emphasis on the value of abstract "ideas", – "inventions" – and complex forward conceptions which integrate the world industrial networks into a dymanic recirculatory system in which every reuse of the metals permits the articulation of higher performances per pound through the improved scientific and technical knowledge earned by each successive technical enterprise. For the latter reason we show the U.S.A. patent history curves on the copper history chart.

4.121 The U.S.A. and world copper curves clearly foretell the physical success of man which is being won by an increasing acceleration in the regenerative functioning of design science which reduces fundamental discoveries and conceptual inventions to feasibility and demonstrated "practice". The increase in regenerative functioning of design science will increase the frequency of the waves of advancing technology which in turn will continually increase the performance per pound of the recirculated metals until within a few decades the whole of humanity will be comprehensively, adequately, and ever more satisfactorily serviced by the recirculating world’s metal resources. As this increasing recirculation of the metals occurs the metallic reserves below earth level will be continually decreasing per capita wherefore the increasing numbers of those serviced by the world’s metals is a direct consequence of doing more with less with the acceleratingly recirculated resources rather than with the dwindling unmined, untouched or unknown reserves.

4.122 Chart D clearly shows the acceleration of World copper production in contrast to the U.S. production and consumption. The U.S.A. economy inadvertently set up a vast prototype network of industrialization for world adoption. But the prototypes are always immaturely over weighted and are always replaced with sequitur higher-performance-per-pound-and-watt generations of tooling and retooling and network rearrangements. As a consequence U.S. man’s early industrial share of the total world’s in-use copper has fallen from a mid twenties high of 180 lbs. per capita to 130 in the last 20 years despite that meanwhile U.S. man has been continually increasing his performance per lb. of the remaining in-use U.S.A. copper so that his technical advantage has been continually increasing. As he went from wire to wireless, from tubes to transistors he gained energy control advantage with lessening copper per unit of functional performance. This regenerative, design-science paced industrialization has brought about the general release of the vast body of old copper scrap in the U.S. to the rest of the world. In 1967 the vast copper production of World War II’s 1945 peak will come suddenly into new magnitude of greater recirculation and this will mean a bounteous year of resources plentitude for industrial advance everywhere around the world but a headache year to world cartelism and obsoletely accounting authorities dealing only in yesterdays economy-of-scarcity criteria.

4.123 Of extraordinary importance in the interpretation of Chart D is the fact that the great peaks of production, consumption and scrap recirculation are not always identified with war though World War I’s 1917 mobilization occasions the first major historical peak. On the other hand 1927, at mid-peace times, shows a far greater rise in world copper production than in the previous war. The latter 1927 peak shows that peacetime can increase the copper production and the latter’s servicing of industry. 1927 represented the shift of the technical advantage gained in weaponry as of 1917 to the home economy. We call this the shift from dominant function as "killingry" to that of "livingry". 1945’s, World War II, realization of enormous gains in technical advantage of weaponry brought about secondary application of that technology to the home front and as a consequence the phenomenal peak in copper production of 1960.

4.124 127

4.125 Chart D

4.126 Copper was extraordinarily intimate to weaponry and munitions in the days of big guns and mammoth shell casings. Now, copper has lost its weaponry significance in the rocket delivered warhead. The phenomenal rise in world copper production in 1960 to three times that of 1917 is essentially due to copper’s use in the generalized tools of industry and to the domestic electrical equipment. Chart D may therefore be interpreted as revealing the fundamental break-away of world industry from preoccupation with tools of destruction to tools of construction. Chart D clearly foretells man’s physical mastery of his earth environment for the benefit of all mankind.

4.127 CHARTS IN THIS SECTION FOLLOW AS LISTED BELOW

4.128 Chart D-1: (Overall Scale - 400,000 Tons per inch)

4.129 Curve 1. World Copper Production

4.130 2. All World Old Copper Scrap

4.131 3. U.S. Copper Production

4.132 4. U.S. Copper Scrap

4.133 Chart D-2: (Overall Scale - 6,000 Patents per inch)

4.134 Curve 5. Total U.S. Patents annually issued

4.135 6. U. S. Corporation Patents issued

4.136 7. U.S. Industrial Patents issued

4.137 128

4.138 CHART D-1 129

4.139 Chart D-1

4.140 Scale = 400,000 Tons per inch

4.141 WORLD COPPER PRODUCTION

4.142 ALL WORLD OLD COPPER SCRAP

4.143 U.S. COPPER PRODUCTION

4.144 TOTAL U.S. COPPER SCRAP

4.145 1830 40 50 60 70 1880 1890

4.146 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1900 10 20 30 40 50 1960 1970

4.147 Chart D-2

4.148 Scale = 6,000 Patents per inch

4.149 TOTAL U.S. PATENTS ANNUALLY ISSUED

4.150 U.S. CORPORATION PATENTS ISSUED

4.151 U.S. INDIVIDUAL PATENTS ISSUED

4.152 1860 70 80 1890

4.153 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 1970

4.154 WORLD AND U.S. PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COPPER CORRELATED TO U.S. POPULATION CURVE AND THE RECIRCULATION OF OLD COPPER

4.155 COPPER RECIRCULATION

4.156 Recirculated old copper as shown on the charts is that reported only by the copper smelting and casting industry. The reported, and curve charted, copper data represents only a limited portion of copper recirculation as it does not include old copper intramurally recirculated, by telephone, railroad, automobile, electrical manufacturers, ship-yards, etc. Intramural copper circulation never gets back to the primary or secondary copper industry refiners. The latter’s figures represent total of officially reported recirculation. As far back as 1912-1919 the railroads reported to the Bureau of Mines annual intramural circulation of 13 to 20 thousand tons after deducting scrap "cashed" against new copper purchase. This intramural recirculation represented more than their outside purchase of new copper at that time - it is unofficially understood that recirculation intramurally in "telephone" and "auto", "aircraft" and "electronic" industries is today high and if these amounts were added to "producers" recirculation it is probable that it would tend to make world production figures parallel or top U.S. Population Curve, and "straighten out" the World Copper Production Curve. The following is a table of the "inventory" of "old" copper "in place" in U.S. industries with the respective estimated recirculation cycles in years for each category. Estimates of "shrinkage" in recirculation very from 5 to 25%. Authority, American Bureau of Metal Statistics and U.S. Department of Mines.

4.157 1936 INVENTORY OF COPPER IN USE IN U.S.A. IN TONS

4.158 *Weighted Average Years (This rate is slowly contracting: Now probably less than 22 years at present time. 1963)

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4.160 It is estimated that on a basis of the overall historical ratio of "World" to U.S. copper consumption which, though evoluting towards ever larger world and lesser U.S., per capita, consumption, averaged 5:2 over the last 60 year period, that the world inventory of industrially recirculatable copper was in 1936 approximately 23,000,000 tons recirculating on a 23 year cycle. Allowing for "shrinkage" this meant a base recirculation of approximately 1,000,000 tons of "old" annually. This has since been and will be progressively augmented by a proportion of the surplus of "new" copper production over the "shrinkage" replacement, after deducting all distribution to non-recoverable* status which now averages 10% of annual production. 1963 estimates indicate that the recirculatable world inventory of copper has more than doubled since 1936 and that the annual world recirculation is over 2 million tons of scrap.

4.161 A 1936 computation made by author indicates an overall world history loss of approximately 16% of all copper known to have been produced: An independent estimate by the American Institute of Mining Engineers reported in "Mineral Economics" in 1935 developed a figure of 15% for all-time-overall copper loss which checks closely our estimate. Of the 15-16% overall historical "loss" the whereabouts of its loss, primarily in munition-carrying and fighting ships during world wars I and II, are well known and recovery of that metal from ocean bottoms will be accomplished in the next twenty years bringing the percentage of all history’s copper in world recirculation to 99%.

4.162 *Non-recoverable copper is that entering into alloys at so low a percentage, - say 2% of the alloyed metal, that the copper may only be extracted at high present energy cost. However the separation tasks become improved and energy costs are always descending wherefor these low percentage copper investments may be efficiently and profitably extracted in future years.

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