Index
3Note: Page numbers in boldface indicate illustrations.
4 1946 Summer Art Institute, 54, 170n2 168nn128--31, 169n138, 169n140, 169nn142--45, 1948 summer session, 6, 54--56, 71, 105, 107, 115, 125, 169n147, 170nn148--49, 170n2, 170n4, 171n7,
5 133, 135, 172n20 171n10, 172n20, 174n63, 174n73, 174n75, 177n135,
6 1949 summer institute, 105, 123, 133 178n2, 182n63, 183n71, 183n73, 184n101, 187n2, 3 Standard Stoppages, 1913--14 (Marcel Duchamp), 187n4, 187nn6--7, plates 1--9
7 93, 176n126, plate 13 Albers-Cage break, 11, 54, 56, 60, 78, 95--96, 101,
8 4’33’’, 1952 (John Cage), 87, 87, 88, 97, 175n94 103, 171n7, 17zz2n20
9 4-D House, 1927 (Buckminster Fuller), 106, 113, aleatory, 9, 56, 68, 78, 84, 93, 99, 134, 149, 161n36.
10 179n13 See also chance
11 Alpers, Svetlana, 39, 166n81, 189n20
12 abstract art, 5, 17, 28, 29, 32, 50, 165n71, 165n73, Althusser, Louis, 14, 99--100, 161n36, 178n153,
13 166n88. See also geometric abstraction; abstract 178n154
14 expressionism American Abstract Artists (AAA), 28
15 abstract expressionism, 10, 54, 56, 149, 161n34, American Association of University Professors
16 170n4, 170n6, 177n136, 187n3 (AAUP), 2
17 Adamic, Louis, 158n5 Amino, Leo, 170n2
18 Adorno, Theodor, 12, 44--45, 116, 117, 167n114 anarchy, 13, 60, 78, 98, 134, 155, 164n53, 170n4, aircraft engineering, aeronautics, 106, 131, 141 174n72, 185n158, 188n19
19 Albers, Anni, vii, 3, 5, 15, 16, 158n4, 159n13, 161n2, Anderson, Laurie, 170n11
20 162n12, 162n14, 169n147, 170n2 anechoic chamber, 88
21 Albers, Josef, vii--ix, 1, 3, 5--13, 15, 16, 17--58, 17, 23, 31, Ant Farm, 150, 154
22 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 60--61, 68, 75--76, 78, anti-entropic, 105, 124, 154, 179n10, 188n16
23 95--96, 100--101, 103, 105, 117, 123, 125--27, 130--31, anti-German sentiment, 53, 171n17, 172n20. See also
24 134--35, 149--53, 155, 157n3, 159n9, 159nn14--17, German émigrés
25 161nn1--2, 162nn4--8, 162nn12--17, 163nn17--34, anti-Semitism, 159n13
26 164nn35--37, 164nn44--53, 165nn54--57 apocalypse, 145
27 165nn60--75, 166nn76--84, 166n87, 166nn89--90, Appalachia, viii, 1, 15
28 167nn91--113, 168nn119--21, 168nn124--26, Archer, Hazel Larsen, 54, 59, 114, 147
29 Architectural Forum, 179n17 British empiricism, 25
30 Arntz, Gerd, 41 Brook Farm, 3, 158n3
31 Artaud, Antonin, 7, 12, 58--60, 80, 89--92, 96--97, 152, Brown, Carolyn, 153, 188n13, 188n19
32 175n82, 176n110, 175nn111--12, 175nn114--22 buckminsterfullerene, 183n94
33 Artists’ Club, 171n6 buoyancy, 112
34 Asawa, Ruth, 54, 63, 123, 170n2
35 Asheville, North Carolina, ix, 2 Cage, John, vii--viii, 1, 3, 5--13, 50, 52--65, 55, 62,
36 Asheville Citizen, 15, 16 67--69, 71, 75--101, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
37 atomic energy, 185n133, 186n159 103, 123, 125--26, 133, 134, 135, 149--55, 159n10,
38 Autonomous Dwelling Machine, 1947 (Buckminster 159n20, 160nn21--22, 170n151, 170n1, 171nn7--8,
39 Fuller), 137, 138, plate 17 171nn12--17, 172nn18--20, 172nn24--30, 174n63,
40 174n67, 174nn69--75, 174n77, 175nn78--81,
41 Bailey, William, 187n7 175nn83--84, 175nn86--100, 176nn101--3, 176n108,
42 Banham, Reyner, 104, 141, 185n135 176n113, 176n123, 176nn125--26, 177nn132--40,
43 Barr, Alfred H., Jr., 163n25 178nn141--49, 178n152, 179n5, 182n61, 183n95,
44 Basic Design Course (Albers), 5, 17--18, 22, 29, 184nn97--100, 188nn10--14, 188n19
45 163n22, 163n33, 164n46, 165n63 Cage, Xenia, 176n101
46 Basic Drawing Course (Albers), 5, 17--18, 21, 21, Campari, 83
47 163n22, 163n33 capitalism, 46, 99, 111, 130, 135, 140, 143--44
48 Bauhaus, ix, 4--6, 8, 11--13, 15, 17, 21, 24, 30, 40, Carnap, Rudolph, 40, 166n86
49 46, 50, 53--58, 60--61, 65--68, 70--76, 81, 91--92, Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 23
50 100--101, 104, 107, 121, 126--27, 130, 150, 153--55, cartography, 106, 113, 181n45. See also Dymaxion
51 157n3, 159n13, 161n34, 162n3, 163n21, 163n24, Map
52 165n61, 165n64, 166nn85--87, 167n113, 168n122, Center for Experimental Music (John Cage), 61,
53 168n124, 170n2, 171n9, 171n11, 172n31, 173nn32-- 172n18
54 52, 174nn53--58, 176n101, 176n120, 182n70, Cernovich, Nicholas, 81, 82, 175n86
55 183n73, 188n8 chance, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11--14, 20, 43--44, 53--60, 64, 77--80,
56 Bauhaus theater, 6, 8, 57--58, 61, 65--68, 66, 67, 83--84, 86--87, 92--101, 103, 105, 148, 152--53, 155,
57 70--76, 71, 75, 76, 91--92, 100, 171n9, 171n11, 172n31, 159n20, 174n72, 175n77, 177nn127--28, 177nn130--
58 173nn32--52, 174nn53--58, 176n120 31, 182n58, 188n13, 188n19; ‘‘canned chance’’
59 Bauman, Zygmunt, 158n6 (Marcel Duchamp), 93--94, 99
60 Bayer, Herbert, 166n87, 182n70, plate 16 chance protocol, 7, 13, 57--58, 60, 77, 84, 86, 94--95,
61 Beaux-Arts, 19, 131 97--101, 103, 152--53, 159
62 Beckmann, Hannes, 165n61, 165n64 Charlot, Jean, 50, 161n34
63 Beech Aircraft, 106, 108 Chicago World’s Fair (1933), 108
64 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 61, 96, 172n20 circus, 71, 74, 76, 76, 79, 173n41
65 Bell, Alexander Graham, 184n107 Cocteau, Jean, 58, 59
66 Benjamin, Walter, 46--47, 168n127 Cold War, 135, 147, 170n4
67 Bentley, Eric, 58, 158n5, 171n10 Color Chart: Reinventing Color from 1950 to Today
68 Bergson, Henri, 25, 164n41, 171n12 (MoMA), 151, 187n6
69 Berlin, Isaiah, 49 Color Course (Josef Albers), 5, 17, 17, 21, 24, 163n22,
70 Berlin, 15, 173n36, 173n49 163n33, 164n46
71 bias, 13, 93--94. See also control Columbia University, 88
72 Bill, Max, 188n8 communism, 135, 139, 184n106
73 Black Paintings, 1951 (Robert Rauschenberg), 96 comprehensive design, 5, 8--9, 101, 103--5, 110--11,
74 Bois, Yve-Alain, 32, 165n70 115, 121, 124--25, 133--35, 139, 140--42, 144--45,
75 Bolotowsky, Ilya, 28--29, 50, 165nn58--59 149, 153, 160n26, 178n3, 179n7, 180n21, 181n34,
76 Bonnie and Clyde, 1967 (Arthur Penn), 61 183n72, 185n134, 185n139, 186n142, 186n146,
77 Book of Changes. See I Ching 186n153
78 Boulez, Pierre, 89--90 constructivism, 24
79 Bourdieu, Pierre, 48, 169n135, 169n137 consumerism, 105, 110, 140, 143
80 Brand, Stewart, 139 control, in experiments, 4, 6--7, 13, 35, 38, 43--45, 53,
81 Brecht, Bertolt, 58, 171n10 56, 58, 61, 78, 91--94, 97, 98--99, 105, 110, 153. See
82 Brecht, George, 152, 188n10 also bias
83 Breitenbach, Josef, 17 Cooper Union, 151, 188n7
84 Breuer, Marcel, 173n37 Coplans, John, 150, 187n5
85 Cornish School, Seattle, 176n101 Dymaxion License, 180n21
86 counterculture, 3, 115, 139 Dymaxion Map, 117--18, 181n50, plates 14, plate 16.
87 Crary, Jonathan, 25, 164n39 See also World Energy Map
88 Creeley, Robert, 10
89 Cunningham, Merce, vii, viii, 3, 6, 54, 61, 62, 63, 79, Eames, Charles and Ray, 130
90 81, 82, 125, 135, 172n18, 175n85, 188n13 Eckhart, Meister, 79, 176n102, 177n140
91 Cunningham Dance Company, 153, 175n86 economy, of labor and resources, 5, 23, 29, 44, Cunningham Dance Foundation, viii 120--21, 127
92 cybernetics, 103, 179n7 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 158n3, 181n42
93 energetic geometry, 8, 113, 114, 115, 182n56
94 Dada, 7, 12, 51, 58, 60, 76--78, 92, 94, 150, 170n4, En habit de cheval, 1911 (Erik Satie), 63
95 176n101, 177n128 enlightenment, spiritual, 88--89
96 Danse Macabre: A Sociological Study, 1938 (Xanti Epic Theater (Bertolt Brecht), 58
97 Schawinsky), 57, 72, 73 equiposed sculptures (Lászlo Moholy-Nagy), 128
98 Darwin, Charles, 124 ethics, 6, 13, 18--19, 43, 45, 49, 52--53, 134
99 Dean, James (Ray Johnson), 150, plate 20 Experimental Composition course (John Cage), 96, ‘‘debunk,’’ 112 98, 152. See also New School for Social Research
100 Debussy, Claude, 96 Experiments in Art and Technology (EAT), 150, 154,
101 de Certeau, Michel, 160n24 188n17
102 Decouflé, Philippe, 171n11 expressionism, 5, 9--10, 13, 24, 42, 44, 50, 54, 56,
103 Degenerate Art exhibition (1937), 173n36 65, 78, 91, 100, 111, 149, 159n7, 161n34, 163n34, de Kooning, Elaine, 6, 50, 54, 61, 62, 63, 117, 118, 119, 170n150, 174n73, 177n136, 187n1. See also abstract
104 126, 170n3, 174n68, 181n48, 182n68 expressionism
105 de Kooning, Willem, 3, 6, 10, 50, 54, 56, 63, 161n34,
106 170n4, 171n6, 172n21 Factum I and Factum II, 1957 (Rauschenberg), 150,
107 democracy, 135, 139, 142, 159n18, 184n106, 185n121 plates 18--19
108 Deren, Maya, 170n2 Feininger, Lux, 173n38
109 design, 4, 5, 8--9, 11--14, 17--22, 24, 27, 29, 35, 39, Fenced, 1944 (Josef Albers), 30, 31, 49
110 41--45, 47, 53, 68, 78, 86, 94, 99, 101--6, 108--13, Fils des Etoiles, 1891 (Erik Satie), 63
111 120--21, 125--35, 138--50, 152--55, 161n30, 164n34, ‘‘finishing school’’ (1948), 125--26
112 168n122, 183n70, 186n146, 188n8 (see also Fiore, Joseph, 54, 170n2
113 comprehensive design; Basic Design Course); Fluxus, 59, 150, 152, 159n20, 178n151, 188n10
114 costume design, 65, 70, 75; stage design, 70--71, Fontana Mix, 1958 (John Cage) 85, 175n90
115 75, 173n36 Fortune magazine, 108, 179n17, 180n18, plate 15
116 Design magazine, 54, 170n2 Foster, Hal, vii, 157n3, 162n3
117 ‘‘design revolution’’ (Buckminster Fuller), 9, 111, 133, Foundation Course. See Preliminary Course
118 135, 140, 143, 148, 186n146 Frey, Albert, 184n108
119 Dessau, Germany, 40, 58, 65, 173n32 Fuller, Margaret, 158n3, 181n42
120 Deutscher Werkbund, 168n122 Fuller, R. Buckminster, vii, ix, 1, 3, 5--6, 8--13, 50, 54, Dewey, John, 3, 6, 11, 18, 46--49, 53, 159n18, 161n34, 61--63, 62, 101--55, 102, 107, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121 163n17, 164n53, 165n57, 168n122, 168n123, 121, 122, 123, 124, 136, 137, 146, 147, 159nn11--12,
122 169n133, 169n139 160nn24--30, 174n68, 177nn138--40, 178n1,
123 domes. See geodesic domes 178nn3--4, 179nn5--8, 179nn10--17, 180nn18--29,
124 Dreier, Hans, 178n38 181nn30--50, 182nn51--67, 183n72, 183n84, 183n87,
125 Dreier, Ted (Theodore), 135, 157n2, 159n18, 162n14 183nn89--94, 184n96, 184n100, 184nn102--7, Drop City, 150, 153, 154, 184n116 184nn109--16, 185nn119--40, 186nn141--49,
126 Duberman, Martin, viii, 158n3, 159n19, 172n18 186nn151--54, 186n156, 186nn159--61, 188nn15--16, Duchamp, Marcel, 7, 58, 59, 92--94, 96, 99, 162n10, plates 14--17
127 171n13, 176n124, 177n126, 177n128, 177n129, Fuller House. See Wichita House
128 177n120, plate 13
129 duration, in music, 7, 57, 61, 65, 76, 79, 82, 84--85 Galison, Peter, 21, 40, 163n21, 166n81 dymaxion, 106, 110, 113, 132, 141, 180n21, 185n135 geodesic domes, 4, 8, 103, 105--6, 112, 116--25, 117, Dymaxion Air-Ocean World Map. See Dymaxion 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128--30, 132--33,
130 Map 135--39, 141, 146--48, 147, 153--54, 178n1, 180n21,
131 Dymaxion Car, 106, 107, 108, 115 181n45, 182n57, 184n116, 185n117, 186n160, plate Dymaxion Deployment Unit, 186n146 17. See also Supine Dome
132 geodesics, 8, 105, 106, 113, 179n5, plate 17 Interaction of Color (Josef Albers), 26, 165n74,
133 geometric abstraction, 4, 12, 18, 28, 41. See also 66nn77--78, 170n148, 177n135, 187n7, plate 1
134 abstract art Isotype, 40--41, 41
135 Geoscope, 129--30, 179n6, 184n106 Itten, Johannes, 24, 51, 164n34
136 German émigrés, 3, 5--6, 15, 61, 68, 96, 126. See also I’ve Got a Secret, 1960, 84, 175n87
137 anti-German sentiment
138 German philosophy and pedagogy, 11, 39--40, 46, 78, Jarry, Alfred, 63, 96, 164n48, 168n122, 171n7, 174n75 Jennerhahn, Betty and Peter, 54, 79, 174n76
139 Gesamtkunstwerk, 163n34 Johnson, Ray, 3, 150, 152, 159n19, 170n2, 187n3,
140 Gestalt, 39, 40, 43, 164n48, 166n82, 167n102 plate 20
141 Gesture Dance, 1926 (Oskar Schlemmer), 66--67 Jorn, Asger, 188n8
142 GI Bill, 12, 53 Joseph, Branden, vii, 97, 138, 171n12, 184n100, 188n9
143 Glarner, Fritz, 28 Joyce, James, 177n140
144 gnostic, 176n102 Judd, Donald, 40, 150, 166n84, 170n4, 187n4, plate 8
145 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 25 Judson Dance Theater, 59, 98, 150, 152
146 Goldberg, Bertrand, 107 J. Walter Thompson Company, 141, 183n109
147 Gottlieb, Adolph, 169n145
148 Graphic Tectonics, 1942--48 (Josef Albers), 30 Kahn, Lloyd, 185n117
149 gravity, 150 Kalischer, Clemens, vii, 55, 62, 120
150 Gray, Francine du Plessix, 175n84 Kaprow, Allan, 59, 152, 178n150, 187n3
151 Greenberg, Clement, 3, 41, 51, 56, 166n88, 169n145, Kepes, Gyorgy, 9, 12, 104, 130, 160n29, 166n83,
152 170n5 183n86
153 Gropius, Walter, 20, 50, 70, 71, 71, 152, 163n19, Kline, Franz, 3, 10, 54, 161n34
154 163n34, 168n122, 170n2, 173n37, 173n48. 173n50, Klüver, Billy, 154
155 182n70 Kocher, Lawrence, 184n108
156 Guinea Pig B, 160n27, 184n96 Kotz, Liz, 77, 174n67, 188n10
157 Kuhn, Thomas, 144
158 Hansen, Al, 152
159 Happenings, 7, 57, 59, 77, 98, 152, 159n20, 178n150, laboratory, 6, 8, 18, 24, 29, 70, 75, 76, 131, 140, 150,
160 178n151 154, 166n81, 189n20
161 harmony, 29, 37, 43, 139 Land Art, 150
162 harmony, musical, 172n17, 174n72 Lanier, Albert, 178n1
163 Harris, Mary Emma, viii, 158n3 Lawrence, Gwendolyn, 50, 161n34
164 Harrison, Lou, 175n84 Lawrence, Jacob, 50, 161n34, 170n2
165 Harvard University, ix, 88, 107, 112, 162n7, 162n14, Le Corbusier, 130
166 188n17 Lehrstück, 58
167 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 25 Levi, Bill T., 162n14
168 Hesse, Eva, 150, 157n3, 187n2 Libre commune, 153, 184n116
169 Higgins, Dick, 152 Lippold, Richard, 54
170 Hindu, 176n102 Litz, Katherine, 79, 175n84
171 Homage to the Square, 1950--76 (Josef Albers), 30, Locke, John, 25, 164n38
172 164n35, 166n80, plate 8 logical positivism, 12, 40
173 Horkheimer, Max, 145, 186n155 Luce, Henry, 111, 181n38, 185n138
174 Lytle, Richard, 187n7
175 I Ching, 79, 83, 85--87, 174n72, 175n77, 176n102
176 illusion, 6, 25, 27, 39--40, 52, 57, 65, 69--70, 72, 74, Mac Low, Jackson, 152
177 78, 91, 152--53, 166n88 Malevich, Kasimir, 41
178 improvisation, 4, 24, 43, 45, 69, 78--79, 131, 149, Mallarmé, Stéphane, 90
179 161n33 Manhattan, dome over (Fuller and Sadao), 146, 146,
180 Independent Group (London), 126, 150 186n160
181 indeterminacy, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 52, 57, 59, 77--78, 81, 85, Marriage on the Eiffel Tower, 1921 (Jean Cocteau), 92, 94--99, 103, 125, 151, 153, 155, 172n17, 177n131 58, 59
182 Institute of Design (Chicago), 9, 13, 123, 145, 172n19, Marshall Field’s, 106 178n3, 179n4, 180n21, 181n31, 184n102, 186n147, Martin, Reinhold, 130, 143, 166n83, 183n85, 186n144
183 186n159 Marx, Karl, 142
184 intentional communities, 3, 153, 158n3 Marx Brothers, 76
185 Marxism, 50 P3 (Takashi Serizawa, Rumiko Kanesaka, Michiko
186 masquerade, 66 Takagishi), 183n95, 184n99
187 mass production, 4, 106, 108, 109, 110, 128, 138, 141 pantomime, 66, 76
188 matière, 22, 22 Pasteur, Louis, 43
189 McCarthyism, 134 patents, 107, 108, 116, 180n21
190 McHale, John, 126 pedagogy, 1, 3, 5, 10, 13, 17--18, 21, 29, 45--50, 53,
191 McLuhan, Marshall, 155, 166n83, 177n140 56, 96, 101, 115, 125, 131--33, 149--51, 168n120, Meyer, Hannes, 50, 173n36, 180n70 168n122, 170n4, 187n2
192 Middle Ages, 72 peep shows, 75
193 military, 105--6, 109, 115, 135, 138--39, 145 Penn, Arthur, 54, 61, 174n68
194 military, US, 68, 109, 112, 186n146 Pentagon, 124, 182n57
195 minimalism, 150 Pepper, Ian, 94, 177n132
196 Miracle Worker, The, 1962(Arthur Penn), 61 pi, 131
197 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 103, Picon, Antoine, 138, 184n111
198 130 Po, Huang, 58, 88--90, 176nn104--7
199 Moholy-Nagy, László, 9, 12, 66, 70, 104, 127--31, 129, Pocket Theater, 172n29
200 142, 152, 164n34, 172n18 Pollock, Jackson, 10, 169n145, 187n3
201 Mondrian, Piet, 28, 41 polyhedrons, 113, 181n45
202 monochromatic painting, 4, 80, 96, 152 Popper, Karl, 144
203 Morceaux en forme de poire, 1903 (Erik Satie), 63 positivism, 12, 25, 110, 144--45, 163n21 Motherwell, Robert, 3, 10, 50, 54, 161n34 post-scarcity, 104, 145, 186n158
204 Moticos, 1954/55--1994 (Ray Johnson), 150, 187n2 Pratt Institute, viii, 162n14
205 Mouffe, Chantal, 49, 169n141 pre-Columbian art, 23--24, 23
206 Museum of Modern Art, 151, 164n51, 167n91, 170n2 prefabrication, 112, 136--37, 184n108 Music of Changes, 1951 (John Cage), 79 Preliminary Course, 17, 19, 22, 24, 127, 164n34 Mussolini, Benito, 68 Private Life of the Master Race, The, 1938 (Bertolt Brecht), 58
207 Nakagawa, Masato, 102, 121, 122, 124 progressive education, 3, 5, 13, 18, 20, 46--47, 158n3, Napoleon (in The Ruse of Medusa), 63 165n53 165n57, 166n89, 168n122, 168n130 nature: in abstract art, 28--29; for John Cage, 53,
208 59--60, 95--99, 182n61; for Buckminster Fuller, 5, quietism, 89, 100
209 8, 110, 113, 130--33, 148, 182n61, 183n93; in theater,
210 68, 74, 91 racial integration, 3, 158n3
211 Navy, US, 112. See also military, US Radical Software, 150
212 Nazi Germany, 3, 5, 15, 68, 173n36 Rainer, Yvonne, 98, 100, 154, 178n147
213 Neo-Dada, 150 Rauschenberg, Robert, 3, 12, 51, 52, 59, 60, 79--80, 82,
214 Neoplatonism, 28 96--97, 150, 152, 154, 157n3, 169n146, 171n14, 175n86,
215 neoplasticism, 28, 50 178n141, 178n142, 178n143, 188n9, plates 18--19
216 Nesbit, Molly, 19, 162n10 Red Rockers commune, 153, 184n116
217 Neurath, Otto, 40--41, 41 Rice, John Andrew, 2, 157n2, 158n3, 162n14
218 New Bauhaus, 9, 12, 172n18. See also Institute of Richards, M. C., 58, 61, 79--81, 89--90, 162n14, 175n80
219 Design Rockburne, Dorothea, 3
220 Newhall, Beaumont, 54, 117, 118, 119, 170n2, 180n19 Rocket, Will, 176n111
221 New Order (band), 170n11 Rodenbeck, Judith, 98, 178n150
222 New School for Social Research, 85, 96, 98, 152 Rollins College, 2, 157n2
223 New York, New York, 28, 43, 55, 56, 161n34 romanticism, 155, 164n34
224 New York school, 56 Ross, Nancy Wilson, 176n101
225 Noland, Kenneth, 3, 12, 54, 150, 157n3 Roy, Lindy, 104, 179n9
226 nuclear attack, 145, 146, 186n160 Ruse of Medusa, The, 1913 (Erik Satie), 7, 57, 61, 62,
227 64, 65, 76--77, 120, 123, 172n22, 174n68
228 octet truss, 136, 136, 184n107 Russian formalism, 25, 32, 164n41
229 Olson, Charles, 9, 10, 50, 79, 81, 161n31, 161n32,
230 161n33 Sadao, Shoji, viii, 146, 183n95, 186n160
231 op art, 31, 188n7 Sarabandes, 1887 (Erik Satie), 63
232 Ozenfant, Amédée, 161n34 Satie, Erik, 7, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63--65, 64, 76--78, 96, 120, 123, 172nn20--30, 174nn64--65
233 Saturday Evening Post, 108, 181n40, 197n17 Theater Piece No. 1 (Untitled Event), 1952 (John
234 Schapiro, Meyer, 104, 143, 186n148, 186n149 Cage), 7, 57, 59, 77, 79--83, 80, 81, 83, 85--87, 89,
235 Schawinsky, Xanti, 8, 57--58, 63, 68--76, 69, 73, 76, 91, 97--98, 159n20, 175n86
236 91, 173nn36--40, 147nn56--61, plates 10--12 Thoreau, Henry David, 177n140, 181n42
237 Schlemmer, Oskar, 8, 57, 66--68, 66, 67, 72, 74--75, Time magazine, 108
238 75, 91--92, 152, 171n9, 171n11, 172nn31--32, Total Theater, 1926 (Walter Gropius), 70--72, 71,
239 173nn33--38, 173n41, 173nn47--48, 173n50, 173n45, 173n47, 173n49
240 174nn53--55, 174n62, 176n120 ‘‘total thinking’’ (Buckminster Fuller), 5, 8--9, 103,
241 Schoenberg, Arnold, 6, 61, 96, 171n17 105, 110, 125, 133, 135, 141--42, 145, 154, 178n4,
242 Schreyer, Lothar, 65 179n7, 180n23
243 Schwitters, Kurt, 69 transcendentalists, 158n3, 181n42
244 Science Illustrated, 108, 180n19, 180n20 Triadic Ballet, 1922 (Oskar Schlemmer), 66, 171n11
245 Second Piano Sonata, 1948 (Pierre Boulez), 89 Tudor, David, 79, 81, 85, 87, 87, 89--90, 154, 175n83,
246 Seidler, Harry, 164n46, 165n63, 167n112 176n109
247 seriality: in art, 4, 30, 37, 54, 75, 78, 96, 101, 150, Twombly, Cy, 3, 152
248 187n5; in music, 4, 61, 78 typography, 40, 166n87, plate 9. See also Isotype
249 Serra, Richard, 150
250 Shahn, Ben, 3, 161n34 Ubu Roi, 1896 (Alfred Jarry), 63
251 Shklovsky, Viktor, 25--26, 134, 164n41, 164n42, Ulm, Hochschule für Gestaltung, 163n33, 188n8
252 171n10, 184n101 unconscious, 10, 44, 91
253 silence, 65, 88, 90, 97, 152 University of Pennsylvania, 151
254 Singerman, Howard, ix, 20, 162n11, 170n6 Untitled Event. See Theater Piece No. 1
255 Skurvida, Sandra, 77, 174n66 Ursonate, 1922--32 (Kurt Schwitters), 69
256 Slutzky, Robert, 188n7
257 Smithson, Robert, 154, 188n16 van de Velde, Henry, 168n122
258 Snelson, Kenneth, vii, 3, 8, 12, 54, 115--16, 116, 123, van der Rohe, Mies, 121, 182n70
259 123, 126, 181n47, 182n56, 182n69 Varda, Jean, 161n34, 170n2
260 social reproduction, 19, 46--48, 161n36, 169n135 Varèse, Edgard, 96
261 ‘‘Spaceship Earth,’’ 8, 104, 113, 128, 153, 160n27 Variant series, 1947--53 (Josef Albers), 30, 33--38, 33,
262 spectacle, 92 37, 38, 40, 166n80, plates 2--7
263 Spectodrama: Play, Life, Illusion, 1936 (Xanti Schaw- Verfremdungseffekt (Bertolt Brecht), 58, 171n10
264 insky) 57, 69, 69, 74, 173nn38--40, plates 10--12 Vexations, 1893 (Erik Satie), 65, 172n29
265 Stanczak, Julian, 188n7 Vienna Circle, 12, 40
266 Standard of Living Package, 1947 (Buckminster void, 12, 58, 60, 87--91, 97, 134, 152, 161n36
267 Fuller), 137, 137, 139 Vorkurs, 17. See also Preliminary Course
268 Stella, Frank, 187n6
269 stochastic variation, 93, 177n131 Water Music, 1952 (John Cage), 81, 85--86, 86,
270 Stoller, Claude, 2 175n83, 175n91
271 Structural Constellations, 1949--58 (Josef Albers), Water Walk, 1959 (John Cage), 83--87, 84, 85, 30, 166n80 175n89
272 suburbanization, 106, 138, 146 Weimar, Germany, 58, 155, 163n34, 168n122, 173n32
273 summer sessions and institutes, 6, 54 (see also 1946 Weinrib, David, 175n83
274 Summer Art Institute, 1948 summer session, and Welliver, Neil, 187n7
275 1949 summer institute) Werklehre, 22
276 Supine Dome, 116--20, 117, 118, 119, 182n51 White Paintings, 1951 (Robert Rauschenberg), 59,
277 surrealism, 7, 43--44, 170n4 60, 80, 97
278 Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro, 88, 176n102 Whitman, Robert, 154
279 Swift, Jonathan, 142 Whole Earth Catalog, 139, 150, 153, 182n60, 185n117
280 synergetic, 113, 115, 124, 127 Wichita House (Fuller House), 106, 108, 113, 179n17, 180n18
281 technocracy, 9, 12--13, 101, 104, 111--12, 139, 141--42, Wiener, Norbert, 179n7
282 145, 148, 153--54 Wigley, Mark, 113, 139, 181n45, 183n83, 185n118
283 tensegrity, 8, 115, 116, 116, 124, 136, 136 Williams, Jonathan, 10, 161n31
284 tetrahedron, 63, 113, 126 Williams, Paul and Vera, 54
285 ‘‘theater of cruelty’’ (Antonin Artaud), 90--91, 176n111 Williams, Raymond, 4, 47, 159n8, 169n134
286 Williams Mix, 1952--53 (John Cage), 54, 95
287 Wise, Norton M., 19, 162n9
288 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 40
289 Wolpe, Stefan, 81, 175n84
290 women’s rights, 181n42
291 Woodstock, New York, 175n94
292 World Energy Map, 1940/1953 (Buckminster Fuller), 179n16, plates 15--16. See also Dymaxion Map
293 World Game, 181n50
294 World War I, 58, 112
295 World War II, 1, 53, 145, 149, 158n6, 186n146
296 X-Piece, 1948--49 (Kenneth Snelson), 115, 116, 116, 123
297 Yale University, viii, ix, 17, 19, 30, 55, 150, 151, 159n15,
298 167n101, 168n131, 181n36, 187n2, 187n7
299 YMCA, 2
300 Zeiss planetarium, Jena, Germany, 128, 129
301 Zen Buddhism, 7, 12, 58, 78, 87--88, 96, 100, 152,
302 176n101, 176n102, 176n104