Chapter 8
E = MC2 = Mrs. Murphy’s Horse power
2Is IT possible to arrive at an ‘‘a-b-c’’ visualization of the relationship of radiation to every day life? If we can do this, then the rationalizations of Einstein will have a bread-and-butter significance for all Murphys.
3 Let us try.
4 The unit of quantitative radiation measure is the PHOTON, which has mass momentum and energy like any particle when in motion, but when in collision has perfect elasticity, that is, there is no rebound loss (or energy loss) as a result of the collision.
5 The mass of a photon is inversely proportional to its wave length. If the number of photons in red light is doubled, the result is not an intenser red light but a violet light, with half the wave length of the red light. There are 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (that is, ten thousand quadrillion quadrillion) photons to an ounce of light. Photons retail at approximately 1--14 billion dollars per lb. This price is to be compared with the current relatively paltry price of $418 per pound for gold (London market). No wonder the finance capitalist acquiesced to broad governmental abandonment of the gold standard of monetary evaluation. Finance capital makes ‘‘standard’’ for media of intercourse the element of most concentrate value, broadly available. Finance capital strategically moved into the ‘‘energy (or power) standard’’ some time ago and therein lies the essence of the fight today between democratic governments and finance for the control of ‘‘power’’ or ‘‘utilities.’’
6 Prices, of course, vary in direct proportion to monopoly. The monopolies for the marketing of scientifically harnessed products are, however, threatened on every hand by science itself. Should finance capital corner all of the hydraulic power sources, there are a thousand other ‘‘outs’’ for man. For instance, as Crowther states in The Great Design, ‘‘The power poured out by the rays of the tropical sun upon a tennis court would suffice to run a 200 h.p. engine if we had the skill to collect and utilize it.’’ Evolution has shown that whenever the need arises the art develops.
7 It is an interesting thought that gold hitherto unfunctionally (mechanically or structurally) used except in minor ways such as for tooth fillings, and which is now being governmentally hoarded in man-made mines of pure concentrate, may in the not distant future become a most highly functional element of wireless power distribution. Gold has the highest light (or any form of radiation) reflective ability of any element. Short wave radio beams can be reflected. Radio is radiant broadcasting of power or energy. Radio, reflected in concentrated beams, instead of being diffused to the universe may be received as power just as the sun’s rays may be reflectively focused as hot spot power. Steam power engines have already been run on sun reflection by aluminum which has less reflective ability than gold. The United States may readily find in due course that it has unwittingly collected the specific means of complete overthrow of the power monopolies by its withdrawal of gold from circulation and that its ownership of this element will be the functional key to Democracy’s wireless distribution of power.
8 The visible band of light waves ranges from radiations in the octave of eye-visible light from 1/50,000 to 1/100,000 of an inch. Invisible Roentgen-rays measure 1/1,000,000 of an inch, and there are more than two million times a million cosmic-ray waves to an inch. The width of heat waves may be as great as 1/100 of an inch and are perceptible to some eyes; the shortest radio ‘‘short-wave’’ is almost nine feet wide. Radio ‘‘long-waves’’ measure out to widths of a mile.
9 The speed of light is approximately 187,000 miles per second, the fastest motion
known. Light travels 16 billion 86 million miles a day, or 5,871 billion 536 million miles in
a year, the latter Time-space
distance being known as a ‘‘light year.’’ Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8'Z>
minutes. Spiral nebulae have been observed as far off as 150 million ‘‘light years,’’ i.e.,
approximately 900 billion billion (900,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) miles. Since first we
made this notation of farthest star distance in July, 1935, a star three times farther out
has been sighted and measured by Shapley. This was before the world’s greatest giant
lenses had even had time to cool. With the discoveries inevitably soon to be made, one can
safely predict that our sum-total of knowledge will jump forward incredibly, if past
far-flung achievements, growing out of astronomically attained knowledge, are taken as
criteria.
10 ‘‘Radiation,’’ says Crowther, ‘‘is characterized by its unique speed; all radiation travels in free space with the same high velocity, i.e., 187,200 miles a second, a velocity, if Einstein is to be believed, not attained or attainable by anything else.’’ If this is so, the speed of light is ‘‘TOP’’ and is an actual unit measure of ‘‘perfect’’ speed, and, as such, is the practical yardstick of truth for the phantom captains signaling operations.
11 A formula evolved by Einstein is today the most able means of astronomical eleocentral calculation. The data deriving from these calculations are used daily by electrical engineers, chemists and others in providing man’s necessities. The data gleaned from a spectrum analysis of the stars are utilized in every day metallurgy and are contacted by Murphy, for example, in the metallurgical product, the automobile shift lever.
12 Says Einstein: ‘‘E=Mc2,’’ or
13 light ray x-ray gamma ray cosmic ray infra-red
14 ‘‘Energy equals mass times the speed of <
15 > squared,’’
16 ray etc.
17 or
18 ‘‘Energy=massXthe volumetric speed of radiation, i.e., 33,369,000,000 volume miles per second.’’
19 This radiant energy SPEED is not only ‘‘TOP’’ speed relative to an infinity of individual speeds, but it is the only TRUE speed or TIME RATE. It is the speed of unfettered energy radiant, which we are sensorially aware of as ‘‘light.’’ All other apparent speeds are but friction-retardments of perfect speed, seemingly lost energy being latently articulated, or stored, in frictional effects. All lesser rates of speed attained by the man-mechanism or by his extension mechanisms are relative to this ‘‘perfect’’ speed, which is PURE LIGHT-IN-TIME, infinitely radiant.
20 On one side of Einsteins formula, the universe is represented by a single symbol—a unit symbol—of infinity itself, i.e., energy complete (‘‘E’’), the unity sensorially unattainable, intuitively heralded, and certified to man only through mathematics. On the other side, is posited energy segregated as two symbols, representing the sensorial bi-polar limits of our ‘‘beginning-and-ending,’’ ‘‘birth-and-death,’’ ‘‘black-or-white,’’ ‘‘male-or-female,’’ ‘‘short-or-tall’’ world concept of thought and experience. These bi-polar limits are (1) apparently motionless mass (M), and (2) speed of radiation, squared (c2). Speed is ‘‘squared’’ because, since it represents the rate of radiation expansion relative to radial space distance from the center in all potential diametric directions, it must be radiant at the square of the speed rate of any one measured radial speed.
21 To summarize this explanation of Einstein’s equation, it is rather amusing to reproduce its expression telegraphically (for $ 10) by the writer in New York to Isamu Noguchi, the sculptor, in Mexico City, on receipt of the latter’s startling wired request: ‘‘Please wire me rush Einstein’s formula and explanation thereof.’’
22 EINSTEIN’S FORMULA DETERMINATION INDIVIDUAL SPECIFICS RELATIVITY READS ‘‘ENERGY EQUALS MASS TIMES THE SPEED OF LIGHT SQUARED’’ SPEED OF LIGHT IDENTICAL SPEED ALL RADIATION COSMIC GAMMA X ULTRA VIOLET INFRA RED RAYS ETC.. ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY SEVEN THOUSAND MILES PER SECOND WHICH SQUARED IS TOP OR PERFECT SPEED GIVING SCIENCE A FINITE VALUE FOR BASIC FACTOR IN MOTION UNIVERSE. SPEED OF RADIANT ENERGY BEING DIRECTIONAL OUTWARD ALL DIRECTIONS EXPANDING WAVE SURFACE DIAMETRIC POLAR SPEED AWAY FROM SELF IS TWICE SPEED IN ONE DIRECTION AND SPEED OF VOLUME INCREASE IS SQUARE OF SPEED IN ONE DIRECTION APPROXIMATELY THIRTY FIVE BILLION VOLUMETRIC MILES PER SECOND. FORMULA IS WRITTEN LETTER E FOLLOWED BY EQUATION MARK FOLLOWED BY LETTER M FOLLOWED BY LETTER C FOLLOWED CLOSELY BY ELEVATED SMALL FIGURE TWO SYMBOL OF SQUARING. ONLY VARIABLE IN FORMULA IS SPECIFIC MASS. SPEED IS UNIT OF RATE WHICH IS AN INTEGRATED RATIO OF BOTH TIME AND SPACE AND NO GREATER RATE OF SPEED THAN THAT PROVIDED BY ITS CAUSE WHICH IS PURE ENERGY LATENT OR RADIANT IS ATTAINABLE. THE FORMULA THEREFORE PROVIDES A UNIT AND A RATE OF PERFECTION TO WHICH THE RELATIVE IMPERFECTION OR INEFFICIENCY OF ENERGY RELEASE IN RADIANT OR CONFINED DIRECTION OF ALL TEMPORAL SPACE PHENOMENA MAY BE COMPARED BY ACTUAL CALCULATION. SIGNIFICANCE: SPECIFIC QUALITY OF ANIMATES IS CONTROL WILLFUL OR OTHERWISE OF RATE AND DIRECTION ENERGY RELEASE AND APPLICATION NOT ONLY TO SELF MECHANISM BUT OF FROM- SELF-MACHINE DIVIDED MECHANISMS. RELATIVITY OF ALL ANIMATES AND INANIMATES IS POTENTIAL OF ESTABLISHMENT THROUGH EINSTEIN FORMULA.
23 The bi-polar symbols on the right side of the equation represent complementary phenomena, in different octaves. Mass (matter expressed in terms of density and specific gravity) is radiant, but at so relatively slow a rate that it impinges within a band recognizable by mans sensorial mechanism. As isolated by the Einstein formula, mass represents frictional imperfection, cohesively gravitational through friction produced ‘‘static’’ electricity, apparent in retarded speed ‘‘form.’’ Actually, mass is the only variable inasmuch as unit energy and its unit speed represent an identical unity.
24 Einstein’s formula, explaining as it does imperfection and interference in terms of diffused but non-lost energy, provides a specific means for the scientific measurements and rationalization of all life phenomena. This formula quite interestingly represents, as a mathematical explanation of LIFE, what the Christian religion attempted intuitively and philosophically to express in name-words. GOD (the father in heaven)=SON and HOLY GHOST (on earth).
25 What has this formula to do with Mrs. Murphy? Precisely what energy has to do with her,—EVERYTHING. No energy—no Mrs. Murphy, either as the mother, or as Mrs. Murphy the prime mover. It is going to do for her what the ‘‘Holy Ghost’’ and prayer could never do.
26 Tell me, Mrs. Murphy, why you parrot the propaganda phrases about ‘‘Gov’t spending,’’ and ‘‘Who is going to pay for it?’’ and ‘‘It can’t go on,’’ and ‘‘we’re saddling it upon the next generation,’’ when all energy and growth and wealth emanate from the stars and energy is pouring down upon us? Energy=potential wealth. Energy is actual wealth if its rate of conversion through work is rapid enough to stem natural chaos and leave a residue of arbitrarily spendable time. Wealth does not come from the bank. It is not gold. Man’s moral necessity to ‘‘work’’ is highly valid and his essential religion.
27 Nine million U. S. families, or 30% of the population (considered by some as cause for despair, by others as at least a sign of man’s portending emancipation) either have no income or are on relief, displaced by an hundred-fold-man-productive efficiency of machines driven by an aggregate 46 million h.p. motor, in turn energized by a 49 million h.p. inanimate hydraulic ‘‘water wheel’’ generating plant, supplemented by plants fueled with coal, gas, oil, et cetera, providing an additional approximately equal amount of horse power.
28 The electric power furnished by hydraulic power stations is almost completely inanimate as to source, but coal and other fuel power cannot be so considered inasmuch as coal mining is done at the vital expense of the miner. The miner is the human family’s most
29 ‘‘E=MC2’’=Mrs. Murphy’s Horse Power 67 abject slave today, his slavery being necessitated by the inefficient use of available hydro-electric power, and the distance limitations between the hydraulic power source and the use requirements. The gap between, however, is daily being lessened.
30 Were it not for this inefficient use and the distance limitations, hydraulic power could currently displace three-fourths of the manpower of the whole population. It is to be remembered, also, that additional inanimate hydro-electric horse power is constantly being harnessed to keep pace with the construction of thousands of tons of production mechanisms of even higher manifoldings.
31 The capacity of presently installed electricity production plants in the United States is 37 million kilowatts. If run at their maximum capacity, they would produce 888 billion kilowatt hours per annum. However, only an average of 100 billions are being produced annually, or 12% of the total capacity. This represents an operation of 2V2 hours per day per dynamo, utilized approximately as follows:
32 12%—domestic
33 7%—commercial
34 2%—municipal 6%—rails
35 73%—industrial
36 It is admitted that the running of plants 24 hours a day would be inadvisable, if not impossible. First, it allows of no breakdown. Secondly, more than one third of the total dynamos or engines are designed with an emergency load safety factor and are directly connected with manufacturing plants which normally operate at less than peak load. In fact, since the operation of dynamos is directly proportional to the production hours of the plant per annum, this is the main factor in the reduction from 100% to a 10.5% current output of kilowatt hours.
37 Another reason for the present small ratio of production is our as yet limited ability to distribute centrally produced power efficiently to distances reaching all potential users.
38 With EFFICIENT use and with new adequate methods of power transportation, the 123 billion kilowatt hours per annum producible by water power alone in the U. S. will be sufficient to care for all the industrial, rail and municipal requirements of the U. S. Mechanisms are already in use and improved units are in process of design to power individually all decentralized dwellings and plants outside the scope of already wired suburbia. The latter will continue to be supplied from a central station since most of the domestic consumption occurs at night, balancing the output of the central station whose industrial peak occurs during the day.
39 A fascinating insight into the per capita benefit that will accrue, when water power is efficiently utilized and capably distributed to serve man, is to be had by comparing the horsepower output by man, unaided by electrical power, and the additional power that he can command through his inanimate slave, electricity.
40 HORSE POWER is a term devised to represent mechanical power super-to-man and is not the actual energy-conversion work-ability of a horse. One horse power is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds-per- minute. A foot-pound-per-minute signifies the energy or ‘‘work’’ required to lift one pound one foot vertically in the space of one minute. One horse power represents the energy (‘‘work’’) required to lift one pound to a height of 33,000 feet in one minute.
41 A man Weighing 175 pounds with a 25-pound load (a total 200-pound load including himself) would have to climb vertically 165 feet in one minute in order to develop one horse power of energy. Since 165 feet is approximately equivalent to a 16-story building, obviously a man cannot develop one horse power. An agile, energetic 100-pound boy with no extra load can run upstairs three stories, or 30 feet, in one minute, thus developing, for that moment, 1/10 of 1 horse power. He is not, however, consistently able longer to maintain this speed of climbing.
42 Numerous attempts have been made to estimate the horse power that an average American worker can generate on an all-year-average basis, in the course of which various interesting and useful facts have been ascertained. It is well known, for instance, that a miner can sustain an actual average of continuous picking at rock-face of six hours a day, five days a week. It is known, also, that a well trained army of young men, carrying a 70-pound pack, can march 25 miles a day, although 20 miles is a high average for the general army’s daily march. However, it is next to impossible to calculate just how many inches of elevation the average soldier accomplishes, step by step, as he vaults forward on his legs (walking being minute pole-vaulting). Hence, in order to arrive at a conclusion regarding man’s sustainable horse power ability, we must find some method of estimating his load carrying ability in an upward direction.
43 Since man cannot walk up a vertical wall, let us imagine that he is climbing the highest negotiable grade, i.e., one on which his feet will not slip backward and which he can negotiate without having recourse to climbing with both legs and arms, a slower method of leverage than with legs alone. The energy expended by a man climbing a ladder might be calculated, but there is no ladder tall enough for an all day climb. A satisfactory test is that of hill climbing with a pack.
44 Whether energy expenditure be measured by direct vertical load lifting, or by lifting of the load with a geared or pulley-block mechanism, the resultant figure is equivalently proportional to the energy expended except that, in the latter method, there is a slight loss of energy due to energy consumption by friction between the reciprocal parts of the pulley mechanism. The use of geared mechanism reduces the specific amount of energy expended during a moment of time, but greater time or distance of motion is required at the energy application end of the mechanism. Therefore, climbing a negotiable grade represents the gear ratio most efficiently adaptable to our ‘‘work’’ or energy conversion problem.
45 The importance of arriving at a man’s ‘‘work’’ or energy conversion rate is that the determination of the means of accomplishing work with the least energy and time loss is the primary need of the day, and is, therefore, the goal of all scientist-artists, and the criterion of efficiency amplification is unimplemented man.
46 It is estimated that the average American worker, a composite of man, woman, and helping youth, averaging 150 lbs. in weight, can, throughout the year, negotiate daily a 50 lb. pack 3000 feet up a walkable mountain slope from sea level, allowing six hours to the average day, five days to the week, and two weeks yearly for illness or vacation.
47 This means that the average American engaged in work of any kind, at home or afield, can consistently develop a total of. 172 horse power per ‘‘work’’ diem. This would be called, scientifically, .172 horse-power hours a day. In a year, the 90 million American potential workers in the home, field or factory, could each develop 43 horse-power-hours-per-annum and 1290 horse power hours in their average of 30 years of work ability. Converting horse power figures to kilowatts and kilowatt hours, for the purpose of comparing man with his inanimate power slave, electricity, we have:
48 748.5 watts= 1 horse power
or
49 1 kilowatt = 1‘A horse power.
50 We find that man can develop .13 k.w. hour a day for an average day of 4.3 sustained, full straining, working hours in a year of 365 days. This .13 k.w. hour per diem represents directly the rate of energy conversion by the man machine from food, air, water and sun. This average toiling ‘‘man’’ develops 47.5 k.w. hours of work in a 365-day year, or 1423 k.w. hours of work in his life, accepting 30 years as the average work-life period.
51 The average American family comprises slightly more than four persons, i.e., father, mother, and two children. Let us assume—for the purpose of scientific computation—that the two children together, helping, can perform one unit of computable sustained work. Multiplying the 47-5 k.w. hours of one man by three, we arrive at a family energy ability of 142.5 k.w. hours of work per annum in the U. S.
52 Compare this potential output with what man consumes from outside sources. This same family consumes 638 k.w. hours of electricity per year for illumination, refrigeration, cooking, radio playing,
53 ironing, vacuum cleaning, et cetera, all brought into the home to serve mankind. This is his energy consumption from electricity and does not include the energy developed and utilized in his automobile or group transportation or by his furnace, et cetera. Actually, the family consumes very much more electrical energy, not alone because of the power utilized in industry to manufacture consumable goods, use in instruments and services for man, but, also, the power expended behind that power to make the instruments and provide the services. The power utilized in the category of ‘‘tools-to-make-tools’’ is vastly greater than that consumed in the category of industrial end-product production. The domestic consumption of power is only 12% of the total power produced, 88% being utilized by ‘‘industrial activities,’’ ‘‘services,’’ and in the ‘‘tools-to-make-tools’’ category.
54 Compare the 41/? billion k.w. hours of work per annum which all the 29 million families in the U. S. can produce at top if none are bogged down by sickness, discouragement, worry, et cetera, with the 92 billion k.w. hours now being produced by stationary dynamos, one half of which represent water-power energy conversion and one half primarily coal energy conversion (which combined could produce over 800 billion k.w. hours if run 24 hours daily). It becomes apparent that 11 inanimate power slaves and 11 fuel power slaves are currently serving each individual. In order to produce fuel for power, a man would have to be taken from the family so that the comparison is not fair. So let us confine ourselves to potential hydro-electric power.
55 If all available water power were fully harnessed and utilized, there would be conservatively 123 billion k.w.h. annual output, and man would have 29 inanimate slaves at his command, or 87 inanimate slaves per family of three working people. Remember this is in his home, only, and does not include the 85 inanimate horses standing ready outdoors to pull his chariot, et cetera.
56 Man is highly demanding of his inanimate slaves and expects them to work continuously day and night, not just 4/3 hours a day. This is not inhumane, as inanimate slaves are truly inanimate, having no feeling. Man will, therefore, when water power is fully harnessed, be able to divide his 29 inanimate slaves into shifts of 5.2 inanislaves for 4!4 hours each per diem, so that he will have 24 hours continuous service from them. 90,000,000 potential U. S. workers would each have continually at hand to support them in their work, 5.2 inanislaves on duty 24 hours a day, and every household would have 15.5 inanislaves continuously on the job all day. They would be slaves requiring no feeding, clothing or sheltering, who could work at sustained speed with the utmost precision since their work is articulated through inanimate mechanisms being made ever more precise.
57 This is as if the total U. S. animate population had a 2,610,000,000 inanimate population working for it domestically,—the latter a greater number than the world’s current population of 2,300,000,000, of which the U.S. represents but 7%. It is, then, as if through science the people of the U.S. are enjoying by conquest of the mind an ease of living equivalent to their having conquered by the sword and enslaved the whole animate world to serve them. Obviously, the new way is better: world empire without human cost and with a clear conscience.
58 The three main factors by which man may determine ultimate WORK satisfaction are:
59 ENERGY
60 TIME
61 PRECISION of
62 Available
- a.
- Measure
- b.
- Articulation.
63 The foregoing considerations of U. S. man’s current energy conversion ability (his ability to convert energy into work), not alone by his direct personal machine but in 29 times that degree by his mechanistic extensions of himself, are emphasized as the most extraordinary characteristics of man as differentiated from any other ‘‘living’’ organism. This unique extension characteristic of man has been demonstrated to the extent of his being able to think-and-use mechanisms in media, only 6% of which he is sensorially aware,
64 which leads us to an interesting consideration of what the ‘‘dollar bill’’ for which he now ‘‘works’’ represents.
65 I maintain it to be, on last analysis, Mr. Einstein’s ‘‘E.’’ All man has basically as wealth are his: (1) Energy Conversion Ability, (2) Time, and (3) Precision.
66 A dollar bill in time to come will be recognized as a time- captured and saved unit of energy by man. Mr. Einstein, therefore, has provided Mrs. Murphy with a universal standard of effort interpolation in the nature of which she is invulnerable to exploitation.